Abstract Background: Hyperthyroidism is associated with abnormalities of the liver and many common antioxidant plants such as Allium sativum (Garlic), Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) and Brassica oleracea (Red cabbage) have numerous beneficial health effects and used in the treatment of many different diseases in folkloric medicine. Aim of work: the present study was prepared to illustrate the protective effect of garlic, fenugreek and red cabbage in addition to the mixture of both garlic and fenugreek against hyperthyroidism induced by L-thyroxin in rats. Materials and methods: thirty-six albino rats were divided into six groups. Group I: The healthy control rats received tap water and sacrificed after 15 days. Group II: normal rats were subcutaneously injected with 500 ?g/kg./day L-thyroxine for 15 days to induce hyperthyroidism. Groups III-V: hyperthyroid rats received an oral dose of 220, 500 and 100 mg/kg/day garlic, fenugreek and red cabbage respectively for 15 days. Group VI: hyperthyroid rats received a mixture of both garlic and fenugreek extracts for 15 days at the same studied doses. At the end of the experiment, liver tissue samples were collected for histopathological, histochemical and ultarstructural studies. Results: hyperthyroid rats had severe cellular degeneration, cytoplasmic vacuolization, cellular infiltrations and marked dilatation of blood vessels. This result is confirmed with extreme histochemical changes in liver tissues. Ultrastructural results revealed severe ultrastructure changes for most hepatic cell organelles including irregular nuclei, loss of cytoplasmic electron density, fragmented endoplasmic reticulum, condensed mitochondria and numerous scattered ribosomes. The hyperthyroidimic and plant treated rats revealed a marked improvement compared to hyperthyroidimic rats. Conclusion: This study concluded that Allium sativum (G), Trigonella (T) and Brassica oleracea (R) in addition to the mixture of both Allium sativum and Trigonella plants have a considerable protective effect against hyperthyroidism. Our results suggested that the ameliorative effects of these plant extracts may be due to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of these plants in combating free radical induced oxidative stress and tissue injury resulting from hyperthyroidism.

Considering the vernacular-architecture criteria pertaining to window openings is
valuable for occupants’ thermal and ventilation comfort when planning for the construction of local
buildings. This reflects strategies of heritage and ancient buildings with regard to weather
conditions that could still be applicable today. This study aims to examine the thermal and
ventilation performance with a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation tool for spaces
during sunrise. Air-flow movement and temperature distributions were calculated and evaluated
for specific interior spaces selected from buildings in Al Dhafeer village, the Bin Rogosh Palace, and
Thee Ain village, which are the most prominent structures in the Al Baha region. Each interior space
was allocated an occupied zone through a head, foot, front, and back rake, as well as one along the
center of the zone for predicting temperature distribution and air flow around the zone. Thus, the
produced data could be utilized by designers and engineers for future design and construction.
Discussing old strategies of thermal and ventilation comfort could greatly impact design criteria to
achieve appropriate interior thermal and air-flow levels. The assessment revealed that, for future
buildings in the Al Baha region, identification of thermal and ventilation comfort must be done
through a minimum 3.2% window-to-wall ratio (WWR) optimization and an average room area of
22 m2 until the required level is reached after considering window-layer specifications. Due to
limitations of other possible types of window material and air-venting resources, as well as
reflection and absorption factors, results were only for evaluating the WWR. Work in this paper is
critical for establishing a comfortable strategy for future buildings.