The excessive use of power electronics devices in industrial, commercial and residential purposes have lead to the deterioration of supply current and voltage wave forms, injecting harmonic pollution on to the supply system, which no doubt generates a major concern to power system engineers. Restricted standards set by IEEE-519 or IEC-61000-3-2 necessitates that, those unwanted harmonic injected current (into the utility networks) to fall below a specified range. Present day technological development, particularly in the field of power converters, introduces the application of active power filters as a modern weapon for harmonic current mitigation and reactive power compensation leading us to IEEE norms realization. This paper depicts comprehensively, comparison in terms of total harmonic distortion (THD) and simulation results, the most effectively fast response in harmonic mitigation between fuzzy logic based active power filter (APF) control and its artificial neural network (ANN) controller counterpart. In both cases, results were developed via simulation studies under MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.

Stability and bifurcations have received considerable attention in the physical, biological, and social sciences. Generally speaking, memory effect and time delay are a prevailing phenomenon in biological systems, since the\nevolution of species is not instantaneous, but mediated by heredity and some time lag required for maturity of species. A natural question is how memory effect and delay affect the evolution of species. Here, we consider\na fractional delayed logistic system and analytically investigate how memory effect and time delay affect the\nstability and Hopf bifurcation. The linear stability of the fractional logistic equation with time delay is investi-gated by analyzing the associated characteristic transcendental equation. Explicit algorithm for determining the stability of interval and the conditions of Hopf bifurcations occur at the positive equilibrium are obtained.

The foremost concerns in today’s VLSI circuits are the power dissipation and the consequent battery up-time that is affected due to the switching activities of the circuit under test. We have put forth an efficient test pattern generator that is perfect for built in self test (BIST) structures used in the testing of VLSI circuits. The BIST keeps the power dissipation under control without affecting the fault coverage. The test pattern generator we have presented aims at lowering the switching activity to a meager value. Adding to this, a unique technique has been proposed which re-orders the vectors in this test sequence which further reduces the switching activities that occur during the testing of these combinational circuits. This technique works to reduce the hamming distance between test vectors which brings down the dynamic power dissipations to a large extent.

This paper is an intent to quantify and analyse the impact of distributed generation(DG) in tamilnadu,India to examine what the benefits of decentralized generation would be for meeting rural loads. Use load flow analysis to simulation over a quantify the loss reduction and system improvement by having decentralized generation available line conditions for actual rural feeders in tamilnadu, India.Reactive and voltage profile was considered.This helps utilities to better plan their system in rural areas to meet dispersed loads,while optimizing the renewable and decentralised generation sources.

Upon the observation of 52 studies about violence among and against the youth, the authors have compared 12 applicable articles in which various forms of informal youth violence have been explicitly presented. In a meta-analytic design 6 studies from Balkan countries have been compared with six articles from countries outside of the Balkans. The comparison has been based on two grounds: the proportion of the young exposed to informal violence (three Balkan countries viewed against three countries outside of the Balkans) and intensity of exposure to this type of violence (three Balkan countries viewed against three countries outside of the Balkans). It turns out that in the Balkans the young are proportionally less exposed to informal violence (17.33%) as compared with other countries (22%). This difference is still not statistically significant. In terms of intensity of informal violence, no difference has been found (t = .61). Apart from these analyses, the research has revealed 20 types of informal violence, from excessive pressure by the parents that their child should be successful at school over unjust punishment imposed by the teachers to exclusion from the game and cyber mobbing. A total of 21 negative outcomes of informal violence have been found, such as stressful situations, fear of school, reduced self-efficiency and the feeling of being rejected. Only one positive effect of informal violence has been found – children\'s increased ability to resolve conflicts.

The article presents some possibilities of same type radar copies identification with the use of graphical representation. The procedure described by the authors is based on the transformation and analysis of basic parameters distribution which are measured by the radar signal especially Pulse Repetition Interval. A radar intercept receiver passively collects incoming pulse samples from a number of unknown emitters. The information such as Pulse Repetition Interval, Angle of Arrival, Pulse Width, Radio Frequency and Doppler shifts are not usable. The most important objectives are to determine the number of emitters present and classify the incoming pulses according to the emitters. To classify radar emitters and precisely identification the copy of the same type of an emitter source in surrounding environment, we need to explore the detailed structure i.e. intra-pulse information, unintentional radiated electromagnetic emission and fractal features of a radar signal. An emitter has its own signal structure. This part of radar signal analysis is called Specific Emitter Identification. Utilization of some specific properties of electronic devices can cause heightening probability of a correct identification.

Improvement of breast cancer imaging leads to correct breast cancer staging, and then using a suitable treatment to curing this invasive disease. This proposed work used a silicon rubber material to be put between the ultrasound transducer and patient breast tissue as a matching material. The silicon rubber material used to decrease the reflected power from the total power incident on the checked breast tissue, then the transmitted power to the tissue will be increased. This matching using silicon rubber can increase the efficiency of the imaging processes to about five-hundred times than using gel. The quality of the image is then being increased. This improvement can be measured and evaluated through some features taken from ultrasound images for 12 breast lesion cases, 8 of them were benign, and the other 4 cases were malignant. These features can be used to differentiate between benign and malignant breast tissue. Then this improvement of breast cancer diagnosis can be used in breast tumor classification.

Context : The quality of software is highly affected by the dynamics of the development process. Most of the important decisions are taken in meetings during this process and meetings have important impact on quality in software development process (SDP). Cognitive behaviour, which is simply defined as team members’ way of judgement, reasoning and perception of surroundings, plays an important role in achieving quality objectives in these meetings. Objective: The objective of the paper is to evaluate the role of cognitive factors/model in improving the effectiveness of the meetings in SDP. This paper also evaluates the use of an extended Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) to approximate the role of cognitive behaviour towards improving the quality of SDP meetings. Method: A quantitative questionnaire containing 14 questions which are grouped under six construct was developed. 120 senior ICT professional were then approached (majority of them are at manager or above level) and in response we collected total of 93 completed survey questionnaires. Results: The results show that impact of cognitive characteristics of meeting partners and the existence of a cognitive model in meetings have positive effect on professionals’ adoption of a cognitive model for the meeting quality. Additionally, results prove that conceptual model TRA supports the use of cognitive behaviour in SDP meetings for increasing the quality. Conclusion: The paper concludes that the awareness on cognitive aspects in general and awareness on cognitive models in SDP meetings have significant impact on professionals’ attitude, behavioural intention and actual behaviour towards adoption of a cognitive model for meeting quality.

Abstract:\nBackground: Facial emotion recognition impairment in psychiatric patients, such as those with mood disorders, and impaired communication and interpersonal skills in these patients is one of the most important issues. The present study aims to evaluate and compare facial emotion recognition among patients with depression, patients with bipolar disorder who were in manic phase, and the subjects of the normal group without a diagnosis of disorder. Moreover, the present study aims to evaluate and compare the relationship between facial emotion recognition ability and communication skills among these patients.\nMethod: The participants of this study included 30 patients with depression, 30 patients with bipolar disorder, and 30 subjects from the normal group, a total of 90 subjects who were selected using convenience sampling method. The PC version of Ekman and Friesen’s facial emotion test (1976) and Queendom’s interpersonal communication skills test (2004) were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using the statistical tests of correlation, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey’s post hoc test.\nResults: The findings showed that there is a significant difference between the facial emotion recognition in patients with mood disorder and the normal group. Moreover, there is a correlation between facial emotion recognition and communication and interpersonal skills among these patients.\nConclusions: According to the results of this study on facial emotion recognition impairment and its significant relationship with communication skills in patients with mood disorder, it can be said that paying attention to them is very important in treating these disorders and reducing the relapse of the disease.

All medical education and resource management systems followed, in terms of structure in general, the same developments that have had the intervention systems, working concepts, guidelines and protocols according with specific requirements for each category of personnel involved in emergency care in particular regions. \nStrengths of Romanian educational emergency medicine model are represented primarily by the existence of a residency program in EM according EU with training centers, residency program directors, trainers, curriculum and methodology of training and evaluation, certified by the Ministry of Health and the College of Physicians in Romania. \nOther important elements are the integrated medical intervention between ED – Mobil pre hospital services for resuscitation and extrication, structures which provides training and emergency specialists from the ED in both hospital and pre hospital situations in common with the paramedics of the firefighters services and implementation of telemedicine as a key element resource management and directing management\nAlso crews operating stratification during the pre-hospital levels of competence creates opening for response time administration, cooperation, institutional consensus development, coordination and resource management by the integrated medical dispatch. \nPerhaps the most important element in the educational system is its involvement in a complex structural,functional, legal and medical practice reglementations, providing financial, medical and administrative support and sustainability of the development.\nAll educational programs conducted long or short-term work for the various echelons of emergency medicine in Romania were a response to the needs of the emergency healthcare system and thus have come a continuous process of practical validation, permanent upgrade and adapt to the scientific and logistical development occurring permanent in emergency care.

This is a study of the pattern of distribution of body mass index and prevalence of overweight and obesity among the population of Al Jouf Province of Saudi Arabia. Also The principal aim of this study is to investigate and compare the gut microbiota composition in obese and lean persons. It is a cross-sectional population-based national epidemiological randomized survey. There were 300 Saudi subjects, over the age of 15 years. Height and weight were measured for all study population. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. WHO criteria was used for definition of overweight and obesity. The obesity/overweight (ob/ow) ratio was used to study the relation between prevalence of overweight and obesity. the data on the 300 subjects according to body mass index (BMI) and cholesterol. It shows the number of subjects with a normal body mass index (<25kg=124), overweight (25– 29.9kg=78) and obesity (>30kg=98). Faecal samples were collected and subjected to selective plating and quantitative in order to determine the concentrations of bacterial species. In this study, important compositional differences in the faecal gut microbiota of obese and lean were revealed. Underlying factors such as lifestyle, nutritional habits, social and cultural beliefs and habits in different regions need to be studied. There is a need to establish a national control program for combating obesity and related complications

Analysis of trait interdependencies is an important stage in research. Results of this analysis determine the decisions taken at further stages of research as well as those made when realising successive experiments. This paper presents results of an analysis of interdependencies between twelve traits of two types of maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars differing in leaf blade senescence rates. Recorded results indicate positive correlations of LW – SW, LW – PW, EW – SW, PW – SW, EW – PW, EW – EWF, SLA – LAR and negative correlations of LW – SLA, LAR – SW, PW – SLA, PW – LAR, SWF – EWF for both types of maize cultivars in all the three years of experiments.

The experience of developing countries suggests that natural resources, capital, manpower, available technologies and infrastructural facilities cannot guarantee entrepreneurial development if people lack motivation to adapt that role. The obvious questions therefore are: are the people are motivated to adopt entrepreneur role? What are the constraints the entrepreneur faces? What kind of transformation they have attained? All these questions and similar are the basic concern of the research reported here. With this background, the present research was undertaken to formulate a conceptual model for rural entrepreneurship. To conclude, entrepreneur motivation and challenges faced by the entrepreneur are very crucial for transformation. The motivation factors are driving forces which makes the individual to take risk of venturing the business. On other hand challenges acts as restraining forces, where the individual is encountered by various dynamics. Transformation is possible, when entrepreneur is able to overcome the challenges imposed by the business activity.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airway. It is characterized by airway\nhyperreactivity which can be attributed to the chronically inflamed airway. Patients\nwith asthma will experience recurring episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest\ntightness and coughing. If these symptoms are left unattended, the airway will\nundergo a permanent structural change leading to reduced lung function. The airway\nsmooth muscle in patients with asthma has become contractile, proliferative and\nsynthetic, and this re-construction is regarded as airway smooth muscle remodeling.\nThere are numerous molecules reported to be involved in the process of airway\nsmooth muscle remodeling. However, the molecular mechanism is still under\ninvestigation. Toll-like receptors and muscarinic receptors play critical roles in\ninitiating immune responses and the airway smooth muscle contraction in asthma. In\nthis article, we have shown that IL-1β is a key molecule which can orchestrate both\nToll-like receptors pathway and muscarinic receptor pathways, and antagonizing the\nfunction of IL-1β has a promising future of drug target for asthma treatment.

The concept of soft sets is introduced as a mathematical tool for\ndealing with uncertainty. In this paper, we define a soft proximity space and prove some of its properties. Furthermore, we discuss the soft topological structure based on the soft\nproximity.

This study aimed to determine and compare in-class learner engagement in different class types delivered by the same instructor. Observer pairs observed instructor and student behaviors during lectures in large class (LLC. n=2) with third-year medical students, lectures in small class (LSC, n=6) and case based teaching sessions (CBT, n=4) with fifth-year students, and PBL sessions (~7 hours) with second-year students. Observation tool was a revised form of STROBE, an instrument for recording behaviors of instructor and four randomly selected students as snapshots for 5-minute cycles. On the revised form named “In-class Engagement Measure (IEM)”, instructor behaviors were scored 1 to 7 and student behaviors were scored 1 to 10. Additionally, number of the questions asked by the instructor and students was recorded. Scores were parallel to degree of behavior’s contribution to active student engagement, so higher scores were associated with higher in-class learner engagement. A total of 203 five-minute observations were performed (LLC 20, LSC 85, CBT 50, PBL 48). Interobserver agreement on instructor and student behaviors was 93.7% (kappa=0.87) and 80.6% (kappa=0.71) respectively. Mean instructor and student behavior scores and number of the questions were similar in CBT and PBL and higher than those in LLC and LSC. A strong correlation was found between instructor and student behaviors (r=0.623). In conclusion, IEM seems to be a valid and reliable tool to observe and assess active student participation. Student-centered and problem-oriented methods with less instructor contribution and more student involvement such as PBL and CBT enhance in-class learner engagement.

In this paper, an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for detecting the attacks in the internet effectively has been proposed and implemented. For this purpose, a new feature selection algorithm called Optimal Feature Selection algorithm based on Information Gain Ratio has been proposed and implemented. This feature selection algorithm selects optimal number of features from KDD’99 Cup dataset. In addition, two classification techniques namely Support Vector Machine and a newly proposed Rule Based Classification have been used for effective classification of the data set. This system is very efficient in detecting DoS attacks and effectively reduces the false alarm rate. The proposed feature selection and classification algorithms enhance the performance of the IDS in detecting the attacks.

Cobalt-based alloy (Co-30Cr-5.5Mo) is produced by the investment casting process. This alloy complies with the ASTM F75 standard and is widely used in implants such as prosthetic hips and knees due to their mechanical properties, good wear and corrosion resistances as well as biocompatibility. The aim of the study was to the analyze the influence of Ni content on the mechanical properties of the CoCrMo alloy. Nickel added with the composition Co30Cr5MoxNi (where x=0.3, 0.6, 0.9) (all in mass%). Vickers microhardness tests, Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray difractometry are used to examine the mechanical properties of the material. It was found that the microhardness increased with decreasing load (i.e. indentation size effect). This means that Vickers microhardness is load dependent. The traditional Meyer’s law, and the Hays-Kendall model are used to analyze the load dependence of the hardness. As a result, the Hays-Kendall model is found to be the most effective to determine the load-independent hardness HLI of CoCrMo alloy. Thus Vickers microhardness decreases with increasing Ni content.

Concrete is one of the fundamental materials in civil engineering especially structural industries. Conventional concrete has many favorable advantages such as low material cost and simple application. However, it has disadvantages and some serious limitations. In order to improve concrete properties, Geopolymer concrete (GPC) was introduced. This research deals with the behavior of geopolymer concrete structural elements with GGBS and steel fibre. An important ingredient in the conventional concrete is the Portland cement. The production of cement emits carbon di oxide to the atmosphere which pollutes the environment. Geopolymer concrete is free from Portland cement; instead, geopolymer cement is to be used. Geopolymer cement does not pollute the environment and it is eco-friendly. Geopolymer concrete products are known to have far better durability and strength properties than Portland cement materials, these properties are to be investigated in the laboratory and to be verified. If the steel fibres are to be added with GPC it may increase the tensile strength of GPC. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) is to be used in the research for accelerated settings and durable concrete structures in Geopolymer cement is to be produced. The investigations are to be carried out using several tests which include workability test, Impact value test, sieve analysis test, modulus of elasticity, specific gravity test for ingredients and compressive Strength test, Split tensile test, flexural test for specimens with the following combinations such as Geopolymer concrete (GPC), GPC with steel fibre and combination of GPC with steel fibre and GGBS and the results are to be compared.

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect of manipulative reduction using pushing while pulling technique for the treatment of adult atlantoaxial instability with 1-year follow-up. \nMethods 128 adult patients with atlantoaxial instability confirmed by both clinical and cervical plain film radiograph were set into intervention group and control group by random digits table, with 64 patients in each group: intervention group treated with the manipulative reduction using pushing while pulling technique, control group treated with the pillow jaw belt seat traction method. The total treatment course was 20 work-days. The therapeutic effects, the reoccurrence rate were evaluated after the treatment and at the end of 1-year follow-up respectively. \nResults The total therapeutic effective rate in the intervention group was higher than that of the control group significantly (95.3% vs. 78.1%, P<0.05). The improvement of vertebral basal artery flow was better than that of the control group significantly (P<0.05). At 1-year follow-up, the reoccurrence rate was lower than that of the control group significantly (6/64 vs. 13/64, P<0.05). No complications were found in intervention group.\nConclusion The manipulative reduction using pushing while pulling technique in the treatment of adult atlantoaxial instability with higher total therapeutic effective rate and lower reoccurrence rate, would improve the vertebra basal artery blood flow.

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) has been associated with impaired spermatogenesis,\nbut the mechanisms are still unclear. Tight junction (Occludin) and Transforming\ngrowth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) play important roles in spermatogenesis. The objective of\nthe present study is to explore effects of BPA exposure in adolescent mice.\nMethods: Male mice were treated by oral (10ml/kg) daily with low-dose\n(0.05mg/kg/day), middle-dose (5.0mg/kg/day) or high-dose (50mg/kg/day) of BPA in\ncorn oil from post-natal day (PND) 35 to 65. Animals were sacrificed on PND-65 and\nPND-125.\nResults: On PND-65, the expression of occludin and TGF-β3 showed decline, and the\nclosed barrier formed by occludin was found to have a number of gaps in experimental\ngroups. On PND-125, the expression of occludin and TGF-β3 were in recovery.\nConclusions: BPA reduces the expression of occludin and TGF-β3, which suggests that\nan early stage of suppressive or damaging effects with a following recovery. These\nchanges provide important information about the mechanisms underlying the effects of\nBPA on male mice reproduction.

Abstract\nBackground: Thalassemia is the most common hemoglobinopathy worldwide. Children with β-thalassemia major have several risk factors for cognitive problems. The aim of this study is to evaluate cognitive function in β-thalassemia major children through Wechsler Intelligence Scale.\nProcedure: 40 β-thalassemia major and 40 healthy children, matched for age, sex, and city, were evaluated using the Revised Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WISC-R) and compared.\nResults: Children with β-thalassemia major had low scores on verbal and full intelligence quotient in comparison to non β-thalassemic group (p<0.01), but no difference was observed in performance intelligence quotient between the two groups.\nDiscussion: Although cognitive and intellectual function of β-thalassemic children is lower than control group , but β-thalassemic children only slightly perform lower than their healthy counterparts, thalassemia may indirectly affect intellectual function. Further research is needed in this area to mitigate the effects of β-thalassemia.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between the emotional intelligence with irrational beliefs and their test anxiety and also their academic achievements in bachelor and associate degrees. The statistical population involved in this study included all the accounting students in Azad University, Ghorveh Branch in the academic year 2012-13. The sample involved in this study included 100 accounting students selected randomly through the random sampling procedure and based on the statistical methodology principles of correlational studies. In this study, the 90-item Bar-on Emotional Quotient Inventory, the questionnaire of Irrational Belief of Jones which includes 100 questions, and also the 25 item test anxiety questionnaire by Abolghasemi et al; were used in addition to the students’ second semester average. Results showed that there are significant negative correlation between students’ emotional intelligence with their irrational beliefs and test anxiety, and Results showed that there are significant positive correlations between students’ irrational beliefs and their test anxiety, and also results showed that there are significant positive correlation between students’ emotional intelligence with academic achievements; and also that there are significant negative correlation between students’ irrational beliefs and test anxiety with academic achievements.

A novel technique to control multiple swarm robots movement is presented and analyzed in this paper. It allows a group of robots to move as a unique entity performing the following functions: obstacle avoidance at group level. The control strategy enhance the mobile robot’s performance whereby they forthcoming decisions are imfected by its previous experiences during the navigation apart from the current range inputs. Interval Fuzzy-Kohonen Network (IFKN) technique is utilized in this strategy. By employing a small number of rules the IFKN algorithm can be adapted for swarm reactive control. The control strategy provides much faster response to expected events. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is also demonstrated in a series of practical test on our experimental by using five robots with limited sensor abilities and low computational effort on each single robot in the swarm. The results show that swarm robots based on propose technique have the ability to perform cooperative behavior, produce minimum collision and capable to navigate around square shapes obstacles.

Cervical and mediastinal hemorrhaging caused by a spontaneous rupture of a parathyroid adenoma has been rarely reported. Herein, we report a case of a 52-year-old woman who experienced a sudden onset of cervical and mediastinal bleeding related to a parathyroid adenoma. The patient had a history of trauma to the left thorax with a fracture of two ribs. Ultrasonography and computer tomography revealed a nodule in the retrotracheal space and hematoma of the bilateral trachea and thorax. Laboratory examinations revealed significant hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and a high level of intact parathyroid hormone. Surgery was performed and a dark-red, soft tumor was found behind the trachea, which adhered to the surrounding tissues. The pathological diagnosis was a parathyroid adenoma with hemosiderin deposition and fibrosis.

It is well established that factors such as the effects of pile patterns, type of connection to the pile cap, pile length and spacing performed in soft clay soil under lateral load are effective parameters on the bearing capacity of pile group and its load distribution among the piles in a group. In the present research, we have investigated the effects of these parameters on the bearing capacity of pile group based on the results obtained by the models developed by FLAC 3D software. Finally, the relationships of Multiplier Factors and Group Efficiency were predicted. It was shown that the magnitude of group efficiency of pile group for the fixed head connections of the piles to the cap is about 35% less than that of free head connection type for 6D pile spacing, and also the horizontal displacement of the cap were decreased by increasing the pile spacing. Taking together, multiplier factors and group efficiency estimated by the software were shown to be more appropriate to predict parameter’s effects on the bearing capacity of pile groups.

Sanctity and dignity of human is considered as indisputable and fundamental principles of human honor and dignity. Human’s life, dignity, wealth, opinion and vote should be maintained and respected. Human’s life is the most important one from them, since the rest is depended on it. Often critics of Islamic law, civil and the family rights pose important issue of the legal differences between woman and man. Usually, the focus and emphasis in this area is on the following points: \nExplaining the reasons and clarifying the issue is by no means to verify such inequality. Besides, whether this right inequality is accurate or not composes both important and independent topic which should be studied in its place. Another worth noting point is that current study focuses on legal man and woman’s statue defined by law not based on local and or tribal tradition. Moslem woman’s blood money either willfully or manslaughter is half of Moslem man’s one (Islamic punishment law, article 300).

Backgrounds: Visceral leishmaniasis is a parasitic infections and zoonotic disease in the countries of Mediterranea basin and Middle East, including Iran. The causative agent of visceral leishmania in Iran is leishmania infantum and dog and canines are main reservoirs. Infections of leishmania infantum in rodents have been proved. The main objective of this investigation was to screen leishmania infection in rodents and possible role in transmission of the disease to human by Parasitology, Serology and Molecular methods in Sarab District, East Azarbaijan Province in 2011.\nMethods: In this research, 100 rodents of four species and genus were trapped alive in various parts of the Sarab area. Befor killing the caught rodents, blood samples were collected from each of them in polypropylene tubes and these samples were tested by direct agglutination test (DAT). \nResults: Amongst them 1(1%) rodent seropositive, 6 (6%) rodents had lower titers than positive titer, and 93 rodents were seronegative. The smears were prepared from spleen and liver all animals examined microscopically and did not show any amastigotes. Part of the spleen and liver of rodents were cultured in NNN, RPMI 1640 media, but lishmania were not isolated from cultures media. Finally, from 100 rodents spleen tissue DNA extraction for PCR with using specific primers named k-DAN were done but any Band linked to lishmania were observed. \nConclusion: Because Sarab is near to endemic areas, which by more extensive studies during long periods and with more samples of rodents and also with focus on vectors we can more firmly established leishmaniasis in this area.

This study examines previous literature on housing satisfaction, with the specific aim of identifying the factors that play the dominant role in determining occupants housing satisfaction. This is because the concept of residential satisfaction has attracted much attention in recent years and that researchers and research bodies, be it corporate or government that try to develop housing policies should begin with an understanding of the determinants of housing satisfaction. The study is conducted with reference to existing theoretical literature, published and unpublished research. The study is mainly a literature review/survey on the determinants of housing satisfaction. One of the primary findings emanating from the study reveals that empirical studies have identified a number of important determinants of residential satisfaction, such as income, tenure, life cycle stages, house size, and housing quality. For instance, being older, having higher income, having a smaller family have been related to more housing satisfaction. The study explores the determinants of housing satisfaction. The study presents a robust background on the determinants and theories of housing satisfaction and interpretation.

Despite being famous in the world, Iran’s handmade Carpet has been stagnated in recent years despite being famous in the world and the main reason is the lack of clear information in carpet market and also reduction of margin profit for producers. In order to overcome these problems, using the advantages of electronic commerce such designing and implementation of an electronic market for handmade carpet can be helpful and it can solve a major part of the problem. This study aims to identify and prioritize the challenges facing this, and based on the extracted conceptual model three types of business, technology and management challenges have been investigated through three types of questionnaire and three different population and the components of each of the three challenges were ranked using Friedman and Tukey tests. The results indicate that among business challenges the challenge related to behavioral and cultural issues, among technological challenges the challenge related to the costs of technology and among management challenges the challenge related to the management of change are of high importance. And among the groups business challenges have priority.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the performance of solar water heaters installed in low income houses in Nellmapius, Tshwane. The paper further evaluates the satisfaction of the occupants’ towards the solar water heaters and the challenges faced since the solar heaters were installed in the low income households. The data used in this paper were derived from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data was obtained through the survey method, while the secondary data was derived from the review of literature. The primary data for the study was collected through a structured questionnaire survey distributed to a sample of 80 low-income households in Nellmapius, Tshwane City in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. The household survey revealed that the residents of Nellmapius low income housing were satisfied with the solar water heaters installed in their homes. Further findings revealed that the occupants face some challenges with regards to the leakage of the solar heaters and the noise from the heaters whenever the hot water taps are opened. The study shows how the use of solar technology has improved the quality of life of the low-income households. It also gives an insightful view of the importance of using solar water heaters in energy conservation and lessening electricity financial constraints on the low-income households. The study adds to the knowledge on low income housing occupants in Nellmapius, with specific emphasis on the usage of solar water heaters. Further, findings from the study could be used for the development of sustainable structures in order to give access to energy and hot water to the poor and providing a better path to the improvement of life and empowerment through alternative energy usage in low-income households’ in South Africa.

After diagnosis of couples’ disability to have a baby, they will experience infertility stress unexpectedly. Factors such as changes happening in the couples’ family and social system, change in the stability and quality of couples’ interpersonal relations, and decrease of marital satisfaction resulted from the couples’ intercourse will lead to infertility stress. In majority of the cases, the stresses will cause sorrow, depression, and anxiety for men and women. Many of the infertile couples need the medical treatments that put them under severe emotional, physical, and financial pressures. Such issues increase infertility stress, moreover, treatments like in vitro fertilization (IVF) will usually fail, and this will aggravate infertility stress. More studies are needed to decrease infertile couples’ family, social and psychological damage, increase success of fertilization, and consequently decrease heavy costs of infertility imposed on couples and the government. The present paper aims to study the impact of couple therapy and combined group therapy on the infertile women’s sexual self- concept.