Motion planning is a challenging and widely applied problem in robotics and artificial intelligence. Probabilistic Roadmap Planner, which is based on sampling, is a relatively new and popular method to solve this problem in complex and high dimensional spaces. Adaptive sampling is a key ingredient in finding a near optimal solution in tractable time. In this paper, we first explain the concept of randomized clustering in configuration space and then propose a method for adaptive sampling based on it. Experimental results show that sampling based on clustering can find a path with higher success rate in comparison with non-adaptive methods. Furthermore, in most cases, proposed method returns a shorter path in less time.

An intellectualization of manufacturing and a formation of national innovative system are major factors of national competitiveness and country’s positioning in international division of labor. Innovations today are especially important for success “catch-up” countries, such as Thailand, that has both - a set of own social and cultural benefits for further innovative development and a number of characteristics, reducing the prospects of innovative progress.\nThis study includes an analysis of social, cultural and economic features of Thailand innovative climate improvement; recommendations about the principles of strategy for innovation progress in the Kingdom; discusses the problems of Thai national innovation system integration in a global high-tech production and in world market of innovative products and technologies. \nThe findings and recommendations contained in the study are also based on the results of Thai younger generation survey, that considers a current state and prospects of innovative development of the country.

In this paper the time dispersive analysis of a set of data obtained from the UWB channel measurement of an environment typical of the Infostation scenario in outdoor roadway and recreation park is presented. These environments have natural vegetations and landform that extends above the surrounding terrains. The measurements were carried out in the frequency band of 3.1–5.3 GHz in various line-of-sight (LOS) scenarios. Beyond the conventional approach of analyzing the time dispersion characteristic of the UWB channel by mean of delay spread, this paper includes the analysis of the UWB channel stationarity. The relevance of such stationarity analysis is projected with some practical insight into the interpretation of the stationarity parameters

Background: Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 5 (CHD5), which belongs to a superfamily of SWI2/SNF2-related ATPases, is a conventional tumor suppressor gene encoding a unique combination of functional domains followed by a helicase domain and a DNA-binding domain. To date, CHD5 protein was detected in brain region and appeared to be enriched in neurons.\n \nMethodology/Principal Findings: We genotyped CHD5 tagging single-nucleotide polymorphism (tSNP) rs1534997 by TaqMan probes in two independent cohorts: the discovery study including 264 cases and 255 controls (North China); and the replicative study including 477 cases and 471 controls (South China). The discovery cohort revealed that genotype AA in cases was less than that from controls (adjusted OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.42-0.91, P = 0.009). This protective quality increased in a dose-dependent manner as genotype AA decreased (Ptrend = 0.004). Corresponding relevance for genotype AA was showed in the replicative and combined cohorts (replicative: adjusted OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.44-0.79, P = 6.328×10-4, Ptrend = 2.053×10-4; Combined: adjusted OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.47-0.76, P = 7.167×10-5, Ptrend = 8.905×10-6). \n\nConclusion: Our study indicated that rs1534997 of CHD5 might protect against the risk of paranoid schizophrenia in a dose-dependent manner.

This paper which approved by Yerevan state university is a part of research collusion, it analyzes effect of surface grooves on the Counterpunch, and friction coefficient on the pipe wall surface of Hydro forming Process in cross shaped and T joints production. \nThe simulation results justifies the groove on the counterpunch surface causes changes of thickness in bulged region. More over these results show that thickness distribution is a complex function of friction coefficient.

The objective of the broadband\nwireless technologies is to ensure the end to end Quality of Service (QoS) for the service classes.Wimax is a revolution in wireless networks,\nwhich could support real time multimedia\nservices. In order to provide QoS support and efficient usage of system resources an intelligent scheduling algorithm is needed. The design of the detailed scheduling algorithm is a\nmajor focus for researchers and service\nproviders. In this paper, a channel aware crosslayer scheduling algorithm for Wimax networks has been proposed. This scheme employs the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) value,which allocates the bandwidth based on the information about the quality of the channel,and the service requirements of each connection. The proposed algorithm is described in detail, and evaluated with one VOIP codec and real time video traffic,\nthrough a series of simulations. The QoS\nparameters of throughput, packet loss, average delay and average jitter have been measured in simulation.

This article presents a new sign criterion to determine the stability and root locations of the Linear Time Invariant Discrete Systems (LTIDS) and is pertinent to both real and complex coefficient polynomials. The proposed criterion is synthesized from the Jury‟s method for stability which is derived from the characteristic polynomial coefficients of the discrete system. The numbers of roots lying outside the unit circle (OUC), inside the unit circle (IUC) and hence on the unit circle are directly determined from the proposed single modified Jury tabulation and the sign criterion. The presented scheme is simple and illustrations are given to bring out the merits of the proposed scheme for all singular, nonsingular cases.

Focusing on high-quality construction, and improving seismic performance of under-construction buildings on one hand, and rapid elimination of housing shortages and/or other spaces and buildings required in the country on the other hand, clarify application of the modern technologies instead of inefficient and traditional systems. Hence, the main aim of this study is to reorganize, prioritize, and determine the status of full construction systems using industrial production methods. In this study, each of the technologies has been evaluated from two main structural and architectural perspectives. In order to obtain the predefined objective, the main element of the research has been studied within the three criteria of quality, economy and speed. It is hoped that every technology will find its special\nposition in the building industry in terms of capability of construction and operation. With due observance to the above mentioned subjects, and in accordance with the results of the present study, common construction methods in the country have not met demands of mass housing construction. Among industrial construction systems, although Light Steel Frame (LSF) has obtained higher status than others have, however, it needs to be modified in order to improve its performance and obtaining better ranking among other technologies

With the advent of economic developments and industrial companies in the world, the phenomenon of the separation of ownership from management was introduced. This phenomenon is due to the inherent differences between the owner and manager of the utility function that creates a conflict of interest. Representation theory first by Berl and means (1932), Spence and Zikasr (1971), Ross (1973), Stiglitz (1974), Bimen (1975) and Jensen and Mackling (1978) introduced and described. In theory the representative director of the company and shareholders as owners are considered.

The research enters the ontology of human communication. It starts from an accredited real communicative situation, a Herodotus’ historic fragment where he narrates the incursion of King Darius in the Scythians’ country, during which he receives a gift-message: a bird, a mouse, a frog, and five arrows. It investigates the symbolic communicative functioning of the iconic-object code and of the gift code in the message processing.\n In relation to the used codes, the icon-object one and the gift one produce a message. Any coded signal received from a “transmitter” is interpreted as a quasi-message. We formulate the principle of the irrepressible emergence of the message: the human impulse to communicate is so urgent that the message is built irrepressibly.

Mammography is commonly used for early cancer detection in women breast. The presence of microcalcification clusters in the digital mammograms is the significant indication of breast cancer and their nature is not necessarily malignant. It is very difficult task to distinguish between benign and malignant clusters. In this paper, a novel classification approach for classifying microcalcification clusters based on framelet transform is proposed. The energies extracted from the framelet sub-bands in multilevel decomposition are used as features to classify the mammogram. A two stage classification based on SVM classifier is used to classify the unknown mammogram into normal or abnormal initially and then classified into benign or malignant if abnormal. A set of Mammography Image Analysis society (MIAS) database images is used in evaluating the proposed system. The performance of the proposed system is compared with standard wavelet transform. The results show that the framelet transform based classification provides better classification accuracy than the wavelet transform.

Abstract \nThis article aims at finding the root of the word Drooj in Avesta language and by deep analysis of structure of words in one hand and research in contrastive concepts on the other hand tries to hand out another form of the problem. In this view Drooj (means a satanically concept) in the realm of discourse fragmentations refers to contrastive analysis with goddess women in Pre-Aryans era and by contemplation in deeds of traditional Goddesses tries to describe linguistic and semantic changes of this satanic concept. The main focus of this document is based on quality of nature of Drooj and to find answer of this question, evidences analyze the feminine nature of Drooj that femininity feature of primary human customs and traditional goddesses is inferred.

This study proposes a Fuzzy Metagraph based Decision Support System (DSS) for short term and long term investment in share market. This rule base decision system will help traders to make correct decision at very low risk. Relative Strength Index (RSI), Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD) ,Stochastic Oscillator(S0) and Negative Volume Index(NVI) are some of the Technical Indicators which are used as input to train the system which is integrated with Fuzzy Metagraph. This approach of incorporating Fuzzy Metagraph with RSI, MACD ,SO and NVI would be a new attempt in decision making on share market investment. Stocks listed in Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) in India are used to evaluate the performance of the system. The results obtained from the proposed Fuzzy Metagraph based model are found to be satisfactory with very low risk. Three most used technical indicators MACD, RSI ,SO and NVI integrated with Fuzzy Metagraph are used to support the system. This method reduces the risk factor considerably for both short term and long term investors.

Present study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of toxicity of some botanicals and selective insecticides against Asian citrus psyllids Diaphorina citri Kuwayama which is a vector of huanglongbing or citrus greening and widely spread in citrus growing regions. In laboratory, cumulative mortality of adult D. citri with Confidor® (imidacloprid), Movento® (spirotetramat) and Radiant® (spinetoram) was more than 95% at commercially recommended doses. These three insecticides showed similar trend toward mortality of adult psyllids either applied through spray or leaf dip method. The cumulative mortality of adult psyllids was 77 % and 86% with spray and leaf dip method respectively. Datura showed 86% mortality of nymphs in leaf dip method. The mortality of adults after spray with Datura was 31% and after leaf dip treatment 60%. It concluded that the products we used in our study are effective against D. citri and due to their bio-based chemistries these are supposed to be less or nontoxic to beneficial insects and environment.

The Haralick statistical features based feature extraction along with Bayes classifier to classify the Osteoarthritis (OA) knee x-ray images is proposed. During feature extraction the Haralick features are extracted from the gray level co-occurrence matrix of the knee x-ray image at predefined angle with an offset of one pixel. In the classification module, the extracted features are fed into a Bayes classifier. Totally, 130 knee x-ray images are used for performance analysis. Initially, the performance of the proposed approach is analyzed by using the Haralick features extracted along a particular angle by using Bayes classifier. In order to improve the classification accuracy, fusion of Haralick features and also a hybrid approach by combining the type of smoother is used. The experimental results obtained are satisfactory.

Cloud computing is the methodology of out sourcing your infrastructure and application to run on a remote resource, this paves a new way of computing that allows users to avoid investments in hardware and software. In this environment various entities such as hardware, operating system, applications are provided as a service to the service requestors, since the data and resources are shared between the service providers and service requestors there must be a trust between the both to overcome the critical aspects of security, this trust should not be of just in words but it should be verifiable, this paper concentrates on the application of trusted computing in various levels of cloud computing to provide such trust and overcome the various security problems in cloud computing

In this paper we have analyzed the various algorithms used for reactive power optimization (RPO). The objective of an optimal power flow algorithm is to find the steady state operation point which reduces the generation cost, loss etc. Reactive power supply plays an important role in the power system. A properly designed optimal power flow solution provides the best and the most optimum practical solution to achieve improvement in a single or multiple hierarchical objectives based on the various constraints on the system. Traditionally, classical optimization methods were used to solve this problem, but due to its various limitations, modern methods have been proposed in this paper for the optimization of the reactive power. The purpose of this paper is to present the output of various reactive power optimization methods thus minimizing the real power loss also maintaining the voltage profile.

In this study, the effect of light on the sapling forms of Turkish fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmulleriana Mattf.), an endemic species for Turkey extensively used in landscaping work is being examined. For this purpose, 24 morphological characters and from these, 7 parameters were determined by measurements and calculations carried out on saplings chosen from full light, half shadow and shadow field conditions and thus, the effect of light on sapling forms with regard to a total of 31 characters was examined. It was determined at the end of the study that fir saplings in full light were grown up to 190,3 cm in length and 2,52 cm in diameter at the age 13,9, saplings in half shadow conditions were grown up to 109,8 cm in length and 1,8 cm in diameter at the age 19,8 and saplings in shadow were grown up to 100,9 cm in length and 1,68 cm in diameter at the age 27,6. It was determined that saplings in full light grew 3,7 times in length and 2,9 times in diameter faster compared to saplings in shadow and that light intensity was effective on all the characters subject to this study.

Due to Romania’s location between Central, Southern and Eastern Europe, and the varied geographical environments, the country’s fauna is rich and diversified which leads to the definition of several environmental regions. The paper aims to analyse the dynamics of certain species of mammals in the south-eastern part of the country which, in terms of the European bio-geographical affiliation, lies at the margin most to the South-West of the Steppe region. The study-area ranks amongst the critical environment regions in Romania, mainly related to the hydro-climatic factors whose evolution have contributed to the decline of many mammal species. Although it is not the area largely covered in forests in the country, a varied fauna of large mammals has been preserved here to this day. The presence of most forests in the region has led to the preservation of certain valuable mammal species (Capreolus capreolus, Cervus elaphus, Sus scrofa, Vulpes vulpes etc.), even if not rich in specimens. During the past decades, the fauna inhabiting this territory has been enriched by several new species – some artificially introduced (Ovis ammon, Dama dama, Myocastor coypus), and others that have naturally penetrated the area (Cervus elaphus, Canis lupus, Canis aureus, Ondatra zibethicus, Nyctereutes procyonoides). Some rare mammals were also preserved, as was for example, Vormela peregusna, which has a zoo-geographical significance.

The present study was designed to study the effect of storage duration on changes of antioxidant capacity and bioactive compounds in garlic by DPPH and FRAP assays and GC-MS. The results showed that both DPPH and FRAP assays almost displayed the strongest antioxidant capacities in garlic at 8 weeks. The levels of soluble sugar decreased during storage, and that of total polyphenols and organosulfur compounds reached max value at 6 and 8weeks, respectively, and then decreased significantly. The GC-MS results of ethyl acetate extract showed that among of the 18 typical organosulfur compounds, 10 compounds of which reached max levels at 8 weeks. Above which indicated that organosulfur compounds played a key role in antioxidant capacities in garlic, due to its levels showed positive relation with antioxidant capacities during storage. The results provide beneficial information for garlic processing industries and consumers to make full use of garlic during storage.

The vast and growing need of society to the building and housing has raised the necessity of using construction systems and new construction materials in order to accelerate construction operation, reduce construction cost, increase quality and also retrofitting and strengthening buildings resistant against earthquake more than before.Due to the relatively vast geographical area of the developing country of Iran, and given the rapid burgeoning population and growing requirements to mass housing production, common and traditional construction methods utilization cannot meet the housing requests. So, application of modern technologies and/or construction methods by using industrial production methods is the proper response for the challenges facing the building industry of the country. (Golabchi, Mahmoud, 2010)

In this paper a different approach based on Metaheuristic Algorithm is presented for removing unwanted region in mammogram image is carried out using image segmentation process. The foraging behavior of monkey is optimized as Monkey Search Optimization (MSO) which is the subset of the metaheuristic algorithm. To solve complex problems by cooperation the behaviors are considered. Several algorithms based on population-based metaheuristic algorithms were introduced in the literature to solve different problems like optimization problems; it is proven by result that the proposed approach has the potential to be an appropriate algorithm for image segmentation. Results are presented based on simulation made with the implementation in MATLAB which is tested on the images of MIAS database.

Communication used to be a field and it is nowadays a universe. It directly or subjacent includes, crosses and directs all manifestations of the human existence, a communicational fission occurs in any life manifestation. The mere presence within the limits of the personal and public space generates communication. At a higher level, any human contact is a communication embryo. The content of communication is the meanings. Messages are nodes of meanings. People do not transmit words, signs or signals to one another, they transmit meanings. Moreover, they co-construct meanings. People are creators of meanings, and communication ensures the “communisation”, their sharing. The world, the universe emerges as a grid of network wherein any entity is directly or indirectly related and voluntarily, involuntarily or neutrally communicates with any other entity. The universe consists of entities and of all they put together. What is “pooled” links and brings into relation. However, what is pooled also separates. From an analytical perspective focused on the practical aspect of communication, communication has several functions: persuasion or social influence, socialization, social support, information processing, conflict, decision-making, and entertainment. The functions represent activities which an entity is designed for and effectively conducts them. Once they are planned, they become attributions. The loop generating the functions is the needs. A system exercises fundamental or defining functions and complementary or related functions. Functions do not exist outside the systems. They are established in the idea of fulfilling a purpose and in satisfying a need. In other words, the needs induce purposes, and the purposes require functions. Generally, people have certain needs that lead to certain purposes. Some of the needs and purposes are of communicative nuance. On the coordinate of communicational needs-purposes, two defining communication purposes are outlined: communicative relationship and “communisation” of meanings (pooling the meanings). Concordantly, two ontological functions of communication are delimited. The first function of communication is the relationship. The second function is communisation. The relationship function is the constitutive function, and the “communisation” function (of pooling something: ideas, emotions, material elements, etc.) is the constructive function. In communication, the relation is the proximity kind, and pooling is the specific difference. In relation to the context, the situation or communication environment, these two functions become resonances and specific nuances. Modelling and the impregnation between the context (situation, environment) and the functions of communication are reciprocal. Thus, the functions acquire particular profiles in various types of communication: intrapersonal, interpersonal, grouped, organisational (managerial, decisional, etc.) or social.

Technology can be developed through supportive policies, suitable rules, and efficient institutional structure .Science and technology parks have the necessary potential for the technology development. Regional varieties and different economical-social fields need different strategies to reach the new agriculture technologies. This study purpose is identifying strategies for developing the agriculture technology in the science and technology parks. Based on paradigm and objective, this study is quantitative and applicatory, respectively, which was carried out by correlation method. Statistical population of the study were 200 of faculty members of Tehran province\'s agriculture faculties; Using Cochran formula, 90 ones were estimated as sample size, and samples were selected by random sampling. Questionnaire was the main study tool; its validity and reliability were determined by the expert panel and Cronbach alpha coefficient (0.87), respectively. The most suitable strategies were developing the technology in universities, increasing the national investment in research and the development of higher educational centers ,reinforcing the relation between government and industry ,universities ,and society ,taking incentives into account for the active researches in the field of technology development and new products ,and more financial supports for thesis to complete and commercializing the studies` results. Results of factor analysis showed that 6 factors, totally, explains about 83.9 percent of the variance related to the agriculture technology development strategies. These factors are development of technology –oriented studies (19.5 %) .development of infrastructures (17.34 %) , improvement of the policies and programs (16.83 %) information and communications (13.32 %) ,incentives and supports( 13.32 %) ,and technology transfer (7.41 %).

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between post-divorce parental conflict, maternal economic hardship and parent-child relationship with academic achievement in a sample of 800 adolescents of divorced families aged 15 to 18 years old using probability proportionate to size sampling technique. The findings indicated that post-divorce parental conflict, maternal economic hardship and parent-child relationship were associated with academic achievement among adolescents of divorced families. The findings implied that adolescents who experienced high level of post-divorce parental conflict, high maternal economic hardship and poor parent-child relationship tend to exhibit lower level of academic achievement. The present study concludes that parent-child relationship is the strongest predictor of academic achievement among adolescents of divorced families in Mashhad/Iran.

Abstract\n Shape and form of the watermelon fruits are important factors to save spaces and reducing damage during storing of the fruits. In order to save spaces and prevent fruit damage in watermelon the following experiment was carried out in the farm. The fruits were boxed when they were approximately one cm less than the box diameter. The cubic, hexagonal forms were compared in this research. To do this, different boxes were designed with different holes on the sides to holes the watermelons fruits for shaping. The shapes of the boxes were hexagonal and cubic. The boxes holes sizes were the same with 10mm diameter each. Each side of the boxes had different holes including: without holes to 75 holes. The result showed that the best shape for watermelon storing to save space and prevent fruit damage was hexagonal form. The percentages of the fruit damage were 33 to 80 respectively.

Abstract\nLiterary interaction of Persian-speaking countries and Attitudes of their poets in terms of science and research, has been of interest to researchers in recent decades and in many countries like Iran and Tajikistan have led to literary and linguistic sharing. Following the movement of Modern poetry, many Tajik poets including Farzaneh Khudjandi have been affected by Iranian poets, especially by Forough Farrokhzad. In this paper, after analyzing the background of contemporary poetry in Iran and Tajikistan, poems of Farzaneh Khudjandi and Forough Farrokhzad have been compared with each other. In this comparison the poems of two poets in terms of expression and linguistic, verbal and intellectual features, meter, content and theme have been reviewed. The theme of Foroughand Farzaneh\'spoems is reviewed in three levels of social - political, religious-ethical and emotional issues. Both poets, in terms of feminine feeling and emotion, the love and patriotism arein common and in terms of social – political attitude, man, the world, physical and heavenly love, despair and hopelessness and death are different. We see the use of literary technique as rhyme, metaphor, symmetry and intertextuality in the lyrics of Forough and Farzaneh. At the beginning, both poets had used classical meter and then Modern meter. Study and comparison of these two poets\' poems expresses that Farzaneh is deeply influenced by poem and thoughts of Forough.

Gekko is an animal, which has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for hundreds of years in the treatment of tumor, bacterium, convulsion and coagulation. In our previous work, anticancer activities of Gekko powder in xenografted sarcoma 180 in Kunming mice has been demonstrated. However, the effective components in Gekko were still not clearly understood so far.\n Aim: To explore the anticancer effects and underlying mechanisms of Gekko ethanol extract (GEE) in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and in H22 bearing mice.\n Materials and methods: GEE was obtained from Gekko powder by ethanol extraction. 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was employed to evaluate the anti-proliferative effect of GEE in vitro. Hoechst 33258 fluorescence staining was performed to observe morphological changes of HepG2 cells. Antitumor properties of GEE were tested by intraperitoneal (IP) injection into H22 tumor bearing mice. After IP injections for 10 consecutive days at doses of 20 mg/kg (low dose, GEEL), 40 mg/kg (mid-dose, GEEM) and 80 mg/kg (high-dose, GEEH), the mice were sacrificed. Tumor weight of each mouse was evaluated. The expression levels of interleukin-6(IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in serum were analyzed by ELISA assay. Western blotting analysis was carried out to detect the expression levels of caspase-3 and VEGF in tumors.\n Results: GEE has anti-proliferative effect in a time-dose dependent manner, with inducing morphological changes ability in HepG2 cells. GEE resulted in significant decreases in tumor weight. The expression levels of IL-6 and VEGF were down-regulated, whereas the TNF-α and caspase-3 were increased after treatment of GEE in vivo. \n Conclusions: Taken together, these findings suggest GEE has significant anticancer activity in hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo, which may be due to antiangiogenesis and induction of apoptosis.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of huge\ncollection of small, battery-powered sensor nodes.\nAdvancements in the WSN give a new scope and dimension for\nimplementing WSN in real-time applications. WSN is\ninexpensively implemented in the desired area to monitor space,\nthings, and the interaction between the things and encompassing\nspace such as surveillance, intelligent alarm, pipeline and\nlocation monitoring, natural disaster monitoring, etc. For\nprocessing, transmission and aggregation of data for the\naforementioned monitoring functions, nodes consume more\nenergy. This becomes a daunting challenge for WSN, since\nWSNs are limited with the limited power, processing time and\nstorage capacity. In order to overcome resource constraints,\nauthors of this article proposed a new comprehensive energy\npostulate that depends on the energy cost modeling named\nCyclic Optimized Approach–LEACH (COA-LEACH). The\nmodel is constructed through thorough examinations of energy\nspend in a working WSN for deployment. The decision made in\nthe deployment of nodes explicitly affects the sensing quality as\nwell as the energy consumption of the entire network. Authors\nmainly focused on the self rearrange for identification of the\nneighbour, which is useful for the energy conservation. The\nproposed generalized model is validated by experimented\nthrough spotting toxic gas and also authors in sighted the energy\nrequirement for both the existing and proposed energy model.

Every individual is provided with access to plenty of information with the help of\nWorld Wide Web, but it becomes progressively more difficult to discover the significant\npieces of information. Study in web mining tries to tackle this problem by applying data\nmining techniques to Web data and documents.The data available on the web is so\nheterogeneous and huge that it becomes a crucial factor to extract this accessible data to make\nit pertinent to a particular problem. Web mining uses data mining techniques to extract\nknowledge from web sources. This paper focuses on detecting and extracting templates from\nweb pages that are heterogeneous in nature by means of an algorithm. Locality sensitive\nhashing finds the similarity between the input web documents and provides good\nperformance compared to Minimum Description Length (MDL) principle and hash cluster\nprocess in terms of execution time.

Glaucoma is the eye disorder in which the optic never suffers damage, leading to vision defect in the affected eye(s) and leading to complete blindness if untreated. It is frequently associated with increased pressure in the aqueous humour of the eye. Glaucoma often goes undetected until significant damage to the subject’s visual field has occurred. As glaucoma progresses, neural tissues die, the nerve fiber layer thins, and the cup-to-disc ratio increases. The conventional techniques typically used for this measurement are unreliable and creates intricacies while measuring considerably small changes in the nerve head geometry. In this paper spatially weighted fuzzy c-mean clustering is used to find the CDR from the colour fundus image and to determine pathological process of glaucoma. The blood vessels in the optic disc regions are segmented by using local entropy thresholding approach.The proposed method can be used to automatically segment the neuroretinal rim.We have extracted features such as cup to disc ratio,ratio of the blood vessels area in inferior-superior side to area blood vessels in the nasal-temporal side and the ratio of neuroretinal rim area in imferior-superior side to area of neuroretinal rim in the nasal-temporal side.These features are validated by classifying the normal and glaucoma images using Support vector machine, and neural network classifier.A batch of 300 retinal is used to assess the performance of proposed system and a classification rate of 96% is achieved

Owing to the development of latest technologies in the areas of communication and computer networks, present day businesses are moving to the digital world for effectiveness, convenience and security. There are a number of applications in healthcare industry like tele-consulting, tele-surgery and tele-diagnosis. Today’s healthcare involves some security risks as these provide new ways to store, access and distribute medical data. Watermarking can be seen as an additional tool for security measures. Pseudorandom noise sequence image watermarking algorithm which is blind (it does not require the presence of input image for detection) and robust is also analyzed. The watermarking scheme embeds the binary logo in the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) domain as in the sub-band level. Consequently, the simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves higher security and robustness against various attacks like SPIHT and JPEG compression, adding Gaussian noise and salt and pepper noise, Gaussian filtering and average filtering. The promising experimental results are Peak Signal-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Normalized Correlation (NC) value is reported and also by using CT scan and MRI medical images.

Recently, Khan et al. proposed an enhancement on a remote authentication scheme\ndesigned by Wang et al. which emphasizes on using dynamic identity. They claim that\ntheir improvement can avoid insider attack. However, we found the scheme lacks the\nanonymity property. Moreover, R. Madhusudhan et al. indicate their scheme also\nsuffers the insider attack. Due to these observations, in this paper we propose a novel\none which not only anonymously authenticates the remote user by using only two\npasses but also satisfies the ten requirements of an authentication scheme using smart\ncard mentioned by Liao et al..