In this paper, we introduce $L$-meet join approximation operators\nas a generalization of Pawlak\'s rough set in complete residuated\nlattices. We investigate relations between their operations and\nAlexandrov $L$-topologies. We give their examples.

A particle system is used for modeling the physical phenomenon. There are many traditional ways for simulation modeling which can be well suited for application including the landscapes of branches, clouds, waves, fog, rain, snow and fireworks in the three-dimensional space. In this paper, we present a new fireworks modeling technique for modeling 3D firework based on firework particle tracking (FPT) using the particle system. Our method can track and recognize the launched and exploded particle of fireworks, and extracts relatively accurate 3D positions of the particles using 3D depth values. It can visualize 3D simulation by using tracking information such as position, speed, color, and life time of the firework particle. We exploit region of interest (ROI) for fast particle extraction and the prevention of false particle extraction caused by noise. Moreover, Kalman filter is used to enhance the robustness in launch step. We propose a new fireworks particle tracking method for the efficient tracking of particles by considering maximum moving range and moving direction of particles, and derive 3D speeds of particles from the rotation angles of fireworks. Also, we evaluate the performance of particle tracking: tracking speed and accuracy for tracking, classification, rotation angle respectively with respect to four types of fireworks: sphere, circle, chrysanthemum and heart. Our experimental result shows that 3D fireworks tracking can be done in real time.

In this paper we use steganography to embed a hidden image within a cover image by generating the stego image. Here, we use Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique on cover image to obtain enhanched version of cover image in embedding process. Then we go through the Bi-Orthognal Wavelet Trasform (BWT) and we use wavelet coefficients of HL2 and LH2 subbands of enhanched version of cover image to finally embed hidden image. Hidden image is also not chosen directly but a set of images have been taken first, then they have gone through crossover operation based on Genetic Algorithm (GA) and we get a new series of mutated images. This process can be continued for any number of levels to obtain diversified images. Then each of them have experimentally gone through embedding process with respect to cover image. Finally standard deviation is computed with respect to mean value of enhanced version of cover image and each of the participating pixel of stego image in embedding process. We finally pick up the hidden image which has the least value of Standard Deviation and sent to the receiver using enhanced version of cover image generating stego image. In our work we consider existing techniques like PSO, GA and BWT along with innovative approaches for embedding and extraction algorithm and a new technique for passoword generation. For this reason, the model is appropriately described as Hybrid Model. The error metrics for stego image used to test the proposed framework are Peak Signal to Noise Ratio, Mean Square Error, Pearson Correlation and Structural Similarity Index. We also include salt and pepper noise reduction technique. The experimental results demonstrate the proposed algorithm’s effectiveness in resistance to steganalysis with better visual quality. At receiver, through extraction algorithm, hidden image is retrieved and then its pixels values participate in an innovative technique using which we assure the generation of a password which is a combinational value of alphanumeric characters. Thus password is secured and not only dependent on the numerical values that can be forcefully obtained by dictionary attack. The password generation process assure that this would be a combinational value of alphabets and numerics. This password can be later used for confidential communication purpose.

The technical and economic evaluation of the development and implementation of a remote monitoring system for an electric golf cart is presented. According to the vehicle\'s characteristics and the user\'s needs, the technical and economic aspects are combined in the best possible way, thereby implementing its monitoring at a distance. This allows the acquisition of video images on the vehicle, which are sent wirelessly to the monitoring station, where they are presented through a user-friendly interface. With the purpose of complementing the information sent to the remote user of the vehicle, several important teleoperation variables of a land vehicle are sensed.

It is crucial to the development and enhancement of the teaching profession that is knowledge base be recognised as a legitimacy of scholarly endeavour. In this article we study self-efficacy in terms of its diffusion to computer application and technology, because of its central location to the advancement of information and communication technology in our society. In order to analyse the current study, the researcher used evaluation research as a naturalistic inquiry informed by the attitude of teachers in order to examine the educator’s responses. The sampling technique used by the researcher was purposive sampling, hence educators teaching CAT in Free State Province. Data was collected by means of a self-constructed questionnaire to answer the research question of the study. Implications are discussed and recommendations are made with the view to encourage educators to participate in the programme of this magnitude by means of improving their subject content delivery. The findings indicate that CAT educators are efficient and have advanced in the use of the computer, they do have the confident, interest and they manage to integrate this tool in their teaching and learning processes.

Background Motherwort is a traditional Chinese herb applied for thousands of years. With development in modern pharmacology and processing technique, different prescription forms of Motherwort have been used for preventing and treating major diseases in humanity. Methods We searched three databases (CBM, CNKI and Ovid/MEDLINE) since foundation till Dec 20th, 2013. After selection, included studies were categorized by items as publication time, journal, topic, prescription forms, etc. Current study on Motherwort and its application for major diseases have been analyzed. Results There were 8,630 publications found, including 563 on Motherwort patent formula. Publication time showed “triple-stage” increasing trend. Top 12 with most publications were all Chinese journals. The first three high-frequently used prescription forms were electuary/granule, injection, and capsule. There were 126 ones on Motherwort injection included, among which 28 were fundamental research and respectively indicating its various effects such as promoting uterus contraction, reducing whole-blood viscosity, protecting injured myocardial cells, improving lympho-microcirculation, etc. In 95 clinical studies, Motherwort injection was applied for various diseases such as postpartum hemorrhage, post-abortion hemorrhage, coronary heart disease, cerebral infarction, hyperviscosemia, diabetic cardiomyopathy, ophthalmology disease, orthopedics disease, migraine, etc. Conclusion There are fewer publications focusing on Motherwort patent formula than that on Motherwort decoction. Electuary/granule and injection are high-frequently used prescription forms of Motherwort in practice. Publications on Motherwort injection generally show low quality, which thus might trouble the confirmation of Motherwort injection’s real effect. It requires performing more clinical studies with high-quality to provide evidence for clinical practice of Motherwort injection in the future.

The design, construction and programming of a mobile robot controlled by means of artificial vision, capable of recognizing, grabbing and moving specific objects in a completely autonomous way is presented, together with the conceptual and theoretical-practical grounds for the work. Having a mobile robot like this will allow interesting developments to be made in various areas of mobile robotics.

Background:\n Surgical wound infection (SWI), although the most common nosocomial infection among surgical patients remains a reliable marker of quality in hospital care. Scoring systems have recently been criticized for underscoring this risk and seem to lack several important variables.\nObjective:\n We undertook a retrospective analysis including all patients admitted for an elective colorectal surgery, to assess the risk of acute and sub-acute wound infection, and subsequent differences in variables governing this risk.\nMaterials and methods:\n We collected data over six years from a single center university hospital through patients’ charts and physician notes. These acquired variables were analyzed and assessed using descriptive statistics, univariate and when needed multivariate regression analysis.\nResults:\n 197 charts were included with an average age of 62 years and a slight female preponderance (62%). They revealed an SWI rate of 14% with an acute wound infection rate of 8.5% and a sub-acute rate of 11.5%. Acute rate was found to be affected by pre-operative albumin level, American society of anesthesiology score, current intake of medication, presence of co-morbidities, hospital stay and the rate of transfusion. Factors for increased sub-acute wound infection rate included only albumin level, co-morbidities, transfusion extent and the duration of surgery. These differences although present were not deemed substantially clear to justify a revision of the current classification of surgical wound infection.\nConclusion:\n This study confirms the growing suspicion that additional risk factors for surgical wound infection may not be considered in the actual scoring protocols. Additionally, our analysis suggests that upon applying the standard rules for asepsis and antibiotic prophylaxis, procedure-related variables seize to be the governing factor in affecting surgical wound infection rate. This delineates the need for better stratification and individualization of patients and procedures for lesser risk and better outcome.

In this paper, we prove the existences of weak $L$-topologies, weak\n$L$-neighborhood systems and weak $L$-quasi-uniformities as the\nextensions of product spaces in complete residuated lattices. We\ninvestigate the relations among weak $L$-topology, weak\n$L$-neighborhood system and weak $L$-quasi-uniformity in complete\nresiduated lattices. We give their examples.

In this paper, we propose a numerical algorithm for solving for nonlinear fractional partial differential equations arising in predator-prey biological population dynamics systems by using the homotopy analysis transform method. The homotopy analysis transform method is the combined form of the homotopy analysis method and Laplace transform method. The solutions of our modeled equations are calculated in the form of convergent power series with easily computable components. The effectiveness of technique is described and illustrated with an example. The numerical results shows that the approach is easy to implement and accurate when applied to various fractional differential equations.

In this paper, we propose a (0-1) resource allocation model for uplink wireless OFDMA Networks. The model maximizes the total signal to interference noise ratio produced in an uplink OFDMA cell subject to user power and subcarrier assignment constraints. We formulate the problem as a (0-1) fractional programming problem from which we derive an equivalent mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem using standard linearization methods [2, 5]. Since all our mathematical formulations are NP-Hard, we propose a variable neighborhood search (VNS for short) metaheuristic procedure [7, 8] to compute feasible\nsolutions for the problem. Our numerical results indicate that VNS provides near optimal solutions for small size instances of the problem when compared to the optimal solution obtained via exact branch and bound methods using the specialized optimization software CPLEX [9]. Moreover, it provides better feasible solutions than CPLEX for medium and large size instances of the problem.\nFinally, these results are obtained at significantly less computational cost.

Objective. To investigate the expression of glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GRα and GRβ) in keratinocytes regulated by GC. Methods. Human keratinocyte HaCaT cells were treated with dexamethasone at different concentrations and for different time periods, or with hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, and betamethasone at identical concentrations. The GRα and GRβ mRNA and protein levels were determined by reverse-transcription real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively. Results. Dexamethasone downregulated GRα expression in HaCaT cells in a time-dependent manner. It simultaneously upregulated the expression of GRβ in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Comparison of the effects of the three GCs revealed that all of them downregulated the GRα expression in HaCaT cells. Hydrocortisone showed the weakest effect, but no significant difference was found between the dexamethasone and betamethasone treatment groups. In addition, the three GCs upregulated GRβ expression in HaCaT cells with no significant difference between them. Conclusion. The different effects of GC on GRα and GRβ expression in keratinocytes may explain in part the tachyphylaxis and resistance phenomena seen with topical GC use. This mechanism will facilitate appropriate employment of GCs according to their efficacy.

Popular proverbs constitute one of the mirrors which reflect the thoughts, visions, customs and history of a people and can be deemed as an epistemological object, or a heuristic field of interest. This study aims to \"visit\" or \"revisit\" some French and Arabic proverbs pertinent to the woman, an inquiry that investigates how the old images are echoed in current images that render sexism ordinary. Proverbs are classified by themes and attempt to describe many hackneyed prejudices, worn, preconceived ideas and stereotypes detrimental to the actual image of the woman.

Human uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is neoplastic malignancy that typically arises in tissues of mesenchymal origin. The identification of novel molecular mechanism leading to human uterine LMS formation and the establishment of new therapies has been hampered by several critical points. We earlier reported that mice with a homozygous deficiency for LMP2, an interferon (IFN)-gamma inducible factor, spontaneously develop uterine LMS. The use of research findings of the experiment with mouse model has been successful in increasing our knowledge and understanding of how alterations, in relevant oncogenic, tumor suppressive, and signaling pathways directly impact sarcomagenesis. The IFN-gamma pathway is important for control of tumor growth and invasion and has been implicated in several malignant tumors. In this study, experiments with human tissues revealed a defective LMP2 expression in human uterine LMS that was traced to the IFN-gamma pathway and the specific effect of somatic mutations of JAK1 molecule or LMP2 gene promoter region on the LMP2 gene transcriptional activation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of human uterine LMS may lead to identification of new diagnostic candidates or therapeutic targets in human uterine LMS.

In the paper an attempt was made to examine usefulness of molecular markers linked to powdery mildew resistance genes developed for wheat in genetic studies of winter rye. Inbred lines of winter rye (397) were tested for susceptibility to infection with Blumeria graminis f. sp. secalis. For further tests, 50 lines that were most tolerant and 50 lines that were most infected with powdery mildew were chosen. These lines were molecularly subjected to the presence of three markers linked to the genes for resistance to powdery mildew in wheat. In the tested genotypes of winter rye, the presence of two investigated markers linked to the powdery mildew resistance genes in wheat was determined: Xgwmc356 (Pm4a) and ResPm4 (Pm4). Of these markers, only marker ResPm4 appeared in two resistant genotypes (UP77 and UP84) but it was not present in any of the genotypes susceptible to infection with Blumeria graminis f. sp. secalis. Therefore, the linkage of this marker to the powdery mildew resistance gene was determined and so the marker ResPm4 can be applied in winter rye breeding programs using MAS (Marker Assisted Selection). \nIn this way it was also proven that it is justified to search further for molecular markers linked to resistance genes in winter rye among markers already identified in other related species of cereals, including wheat.

To determine whether the photosynthetic capacity of transgenic rice expressing C4 genes is enhanced under conditions of high light intensity and high temperature, untransformed (WT) and transgenic rice containing maize phosphoenolpyruvate (PEPC), pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK), and NADP-malic enzyme (ME) genes (PKM) were studied in this paper. PCR tests indicated that the PEPC, PPDK and ME genes from maize were transformed into common rice, and the C4 photosynthetic enzyme activities in transgenic rice with PEPC, PPDK, and ME genes (PKM) were high. Under high light intensity and high temperature conditions, the photosynthetic rate of PKM after adenosine triphosphate (ATP) treatment increased by 15.7% and 13.3%, respectively, compared with no ATP treatment. The photosynthetic rate of PKM after ATP treatment was 80.7% of that of maize. Moreover, PKM tolerance against photooxidation was enhanced. The yield of PKM was also increased by 11.7%. The δ13C value indicated that PKM was still a C3 plant. Labeling with 14CO2 showed that more 14C was distributed to the C4 primary photosynthate aspartate in PKM transgenic rice, suggesting that a limiting C4 photosynthetic mechanism existed in the leaves. The yield of PKM was also increased by 15% due to the increase in Pn. Based on the above results, the PKM plants possessed high photosynthetic productivity under high light intensity and temperature. This study provides a new technical approach and physiological basis for constructing C4-like rice.

We report a case of suspected intraoperative malignant hyperthermia (MH) complicated with rhabdomyolysis. The patient was a 27-year-old male with facial and neck thermal injury, who was scheduled for a plastic surgery under general anesthesia. After induction with propofol and succinylcholine, masseter muscle tone significantly increased, and end tidal carbon dioxide increased from 35mmHg to 55mmHg. During the surgery, orange urine was noted in the urinary catheter tube. We believed that a MH response had developed. After emergency treatment, the patient was transfer to the ICU. The creatine kinase (CK) levels increased markedly and peaked at the next day (40,000U·L-1). The patient became anuric. Continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) was started. After 5 days CVVH, the CK levels and urine output gradually returned to normal. The patient recovered completely and discharged to home uneventfully. Early diagnosis and treatment of MH are keys to a successful outcome. In this case, CVVH is an valuable alternative therapy for treatment of rhabdomyolysis after MH in the absence of dantrolene.

A class of optimal quadrature formulas in sense of minimal error bounds are obtained. The estimations of remainder term will be given in terms of variety of norms, from an inequality point of view. Some improvements and generalizations of some results from literature will be considered.

The study aimed to investigate effect of the government and binding theory on translating English language to Farsi language to show that there is a close relation between translation and linguistics and how to use linguistics in teaching translation .so, the questions were raised \"how can a method be found to understand the sentence meaning? Does the government and binding theory show a new way in the translation process?\" Because the translators\' problems were that they didn\'t understand the first language writer\'s idea, an understandable translation needed a main method. Surface and deep structures had important role to understand mind manifestation, for it was discovered in deep structure (Darzi, 2008). Translators have to know concepts such as component, node, complement, head, deep structure, surface structure, syntactical group, the sentence structure, x-theory, government theory, binding theory, case theory, theta theory, and etc. The study used field-library method. One hundred and five students were chosen as subjects from DaroAlfonon Bouria (Translation Workshop Institution) in Qom, Iran .The method was done during 6 months. Firstly, researcher wrote a sentence on the board to be translated. She used syntactical categories to indicate how to translate the sentence. She performed the method on several sentences to be completely understood. Consequently, when they read a sentence, they must firstly examine deep structure to obtain mind manifestation to translate easily.

Molodtsov initiated the concept of soft sets in [16]. Maji et al. defined some operations on soft sets in [14]. The concept of soft topological space was introduced by some authors. In this paper, we introduce the concept of the pointwise topology of soft topological spaces. . Finally, we investigate the properties of soft mapping spaces and the relationships between some soft mappings spaces.

The well type HPGe and NaI(Tl) detectors are useful for the identification and quantification of unknown gamma-ray emitting radionuclides in geological and environmental samples due to the near 4π solid angle that can be obtained with them. In addition, the 4π gamma-ray-counting is a well-established method for direct activity measurements, and is especially suited for radionuclides with complex gamma-ray spectra. A straightforward theoretical approach was carried out to calculate the total and full-energy peak efficiencies for point, thin circular disk and cylindrical sources of NaI(Tl) and HPGe well-type detectors. The approach depends on the accurate calculation of two important factors: the path length, d, the photon traverses within the active volume of a gamma detector, and the geometrical solid angle, Ω, subtended by the source to the detector at the point of entrance. These two factors are theoretically derived through straightforward analytical formulae. Furthermore, the attenuation of photons by the source container and the detector housing materials is also treated by calculating the photon path length through these materials. The comparisons with the previous treatments reported in the literature indicate that the present approach is useful in the efficiency calculations of such complicated gamma-ray spectrometer.

In this paper, we study a type of rough sets based on information system with real attribute value, which plays an important role both in generalized rough set theory and data analysis. We give a new knowledge reduction in information systems. The use of this type will benefit to our understanding of the connection between generalized rough set theory and reduction. A new method is introduced and some examples are given to show the differences between the extracted rules

In this study, optimum insulation thickness for building is investigated for Bilecik Turkey. A novel method that combined exergy and environmental analyses is used. Analyses are conducted for rockwool and glaswool as insulation materials. Heat loss from the building, heat exergy loss from the system, fuel consumption and CO2 emission are determined firstly. Secondly, environmental impacts of these parameters are described. Results for the environmental impact of the system, the net environmental saving, heat exergy loss, the net exergy saving, fuel consumption and CO2 emission changes with insulation thickness are presented. Optimum insulation thickness is determined as 0.097 m for the rockwool and 0.036 m for the glaswool.

During long-term achievements, the double random phase encoding (DRPE) and its improved schemes for image encryption have shown vulnerable to various attacks. In this paper, we firstly make comprehensive analyses of the DRPE based image cryptosystems and their vulnerabilities, among which a universal whereas easily-neglected intersection is found out. That is the invalidation of the second lens in DRPE, which brings about opportunities for opponents to easily convert the cipher data into Fourier domain. This drawback plays critical role in the cryptanalysis of DRPE based image cryptosystems. Then two kinds of rear-mounted enhancements are proposed to explore the potential security contribution of the second lens of DRPE and further promote the security of the cryptosystems. Simulation results and security analyses are given out to demonstrate the effectiveness and security superiority of the improved schemes.

The implementation of a fair and efficient environmentally-related taxation is a difficult task for the different levels of political and geographical organizations within the EU state members. This is mainly due to the lack of political will because environmentally-related taxation has not been yet firmly implemented in Spain. And even though environmental taxes play an important role in regional taxation systems, their implementation is insufficient and the revenue collected notably scarce. In our opinion, environmental taxation, together with income tax and taxation on consumption and circulation of goods, should be one of the pillars of any tax system as the result of a green tax reform (Gago Rodríguez and Labandeira, 1999) at national, regional and local government levels. This change would lead to the compliance with the double dividend hypothesis. On the one hand, environmentally-related taxation would protect the natural environment by means of the polluter-pays principle which makes the polluter compensate for the environmental damage done. On the other hand, the creation of another source of public resources would reduce the tax burden of other levies. This study analyzes environmentally-related taxation on pollution discharge into coastal waters at regional level, with the focus on Spain\'s Autonomous Communities, hereinafter referred to as regional governments. After a brief introduction, we will deal with the concept and classification of environmental taxation. Next, the elements of the tax under study will be described. And finally conclusions and suggestions will be drawn in last section of the paper.

There are different methods for selecting dam location, however, they are mostly dependent on engineer decision making and need for high cost. In this paper, a method of rules extraction for dam location based on rough set theory and decision network is proposed. The decision system attributes are firstly reduced and a decision network with different reduced levels is constructed. The network’s node is initialized with the attribute reduction sets and the decision rule sets are extracted according to the node of the decision network. In addition, the coverage degree and certainty factor are applied to filter noise and evaluate the extraction rules. The proposed method is tested using a practical data taken from Krakhe project. The results are found to be comparable with the previous practical methods. Furthermore, the obtained results indicate that the proposed method saves in the time and cost of the calculation.

This study aimed to describe the relationship between the effectiveness of strategic decisions and managerial accounting in Jordanian tourism companies in the capital of Jordan, Amman. The main findings of the study that the companies adopt effectively managerial accounting, except there is no full-time people to use and keep up with methods of Managerial Accounting, and Managerial Accounting do not take into account external factors and current and expected influences that affect the work of the corporation. Also it was found that corporations make rational strategic decisions. Furthermore there is a positive relationship between the effectiveness of managerial accounting and rational strategic decisions.\nThe most important recommendation of study is to free the staff working on managerial accounting to give them more time and professionalism to keep abreast of modern methods of managerial accounting and developing it. It is also recommended that it is necessary to take into consideration factors and external influences current and expected that affect the work of the corporation.

Cooperative communication has become an increasingly hot research topic in last decades, due to its significant advantages over non-cooperative communication. Cooperative communications provide more benefits than other systems such as MIMO’s without the need of additional hardware. In this paper first, we surveys the state of the art of relaying techniques of cooperative communication, which include amplify and forward, decode and forward, and compress and forward. Then, we discuss the techniques for combining the data received from multiple channels. Finally, we simulate some relaying techniques in order to verify their performance.