One of the most important topics in general topology is the study of topological groups. In the last years the concept of generalized topology introduced by many mathematicians like as A.CSASZAR. In this paper the generalized topological groups are introduced, properties of the generalized neighborhood system in general and specially of the fundamental system of generalized open neighborhood of the identity are given. Also, many properties of subgroups in a generalized topological group are introduced.

In arid and semiarid environments, seasonality usually exerts a strong influence on the composition and dynamics of the soil community. The present study was undertaken to quantify spatial and seasonal heterogeneity of soil macrofauna studied in Wadi Al-Arj located in Taif, Saudi Arabia. Soil macrofaunal specimens were collected during different seasons by pitfall traps. Distributions of soil macroarthropods were studied monthly for one year (from October of 2012 to July of 2013) at two sampling sites along environment gradient. The effect of some ecological factors on the species diversity and community structure of soil macroinvertebrates of the two study sites were also evaluated. The current study revealed that spider diversity may be conditional upon the homogeneity of soil moisture content through its effect on shaping plant life that may increase the quality of available habitats necessary for protection from predators and adverse environmental conditions, for both spiders and their prey. Despite apparent changes in spatial and seasonal alterations in community structure were observed in the current study, no clear pattern of overall species number was detected along at spatial or seasonal scale.

Iris recognition is considered to be the most accurate biometric technology when compared to other technologies commercially in use today. This is because the false match and the false non-match errors are very small, which implies a very high accuracy. Iris recognition has found considerable success in aviation security for passenger screening and immigration control, banks, financial institutions [6]. The iris recognition system proposed in this paper consists of an automatic segmentation system that localizes the circular iris and pupil region. The extracted iris region was then normalized into a rectangular block with constant dimensions to account for imaging inconsistencies. Finally, the phase data from 2D Gabor filters was extracted and quantized to four levels to encode the unique pattern of the iris into a bit-wise biometric template. The performance of the iris recognition systems highly depends on the accuracy of the localization process by excluding the unwanted parts (eyelids, eyelashes and reflections). In this paper, we tested a new technique for increasing the performance of the iris recognition system by using multi-channel frequencies of Gabor filter. The proposed technique shows a significant improvement in the recognition accuracy

A dynamical model of an activated sludge process system is considered and analyzed. Numerical techniques are used to show when the system exhibits chaos. Three choices of bifurcation parameters produce different pictures of solution behavior in the form of limit cycles, two-torus and chaotic behavior. For some range of the reactor residence time the model exhibits chaotic behavior as well. Practical criteria are also derived for the effects of feed conditions and purge fraction on the dynamic characteristics of the bioreactor model.

Ranking of DMUs in DEA is an important phase for efficiency evaluation of DMUs. The classic Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models developed with the assumption that all inputs and outputs are precise and the decision making units are treated as a black-box. However, the observed values of the input and output data in real-life problems are sometimes imprecise, such as interval data or we may face DMUs with network structure. In this contribution, we develop a new method capable of the arithmetic and geometric global efficiency assessing decision making units (DMUs) in a specific two-stage network with interval data. Actually, the aim of this study is ranking two-stage DMUs in the present interval data by the help of the interval efficiency corresponding to each unit. To do this, we present some models to find upper and lower bounds for both arithmetic and geometric global efficiency. Furthermore, a criterion is defined to rank the obtained intervals. Finally, the suggested method is elaborated by an illustrative example.

The potential use of alternative means as an aid to avoid the wide use of antibiotics against bacterial pathogens has been recently arisen remarkably. In this regard, positive electric impulses of 50% duty cycle at different frequencies were used to find its effects on some viable parameters of Ralstonia solanacearum bacteria. This study was aimed to find the frequency that cause maximum growth inhibition (resonance frequency) and its optimum exposure time. Moreover, to study the effects on bacterial antibiotic susceptibility and molecular and morphological cellular structure. The results indicated significant inhibition in bacterial growth after exposure to frequency of 1.0 Hz for 1 h. The exposed cells became less sensitive to the tested antibiotics with compare to unexposed samples. Furthermore, the electrophoretic amplified DNA pattern, TEM micrographs indicated significant ultra structural and morphological changes after exposure. It may be concluded that, the positive electric impulses may act on bacterial cellular structure and activity in a manner of controlling its viability. It is a promising technique for further in vivo applications.

impact on marine organisms and human health. In this study, isolation of petroleum hydrocarbon degrading bacteria from a chronically oil polluted Egyptian Mediterranean sediments was achieved. The identification of the culturable bacterial consortium by amplification of 16S rDNA revealed the presence of ten bacterial strains belong to five different genera; Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Marinobacter, Providencia and Sphingomonas. Biodegradation kinetics of artificially crude oil contaminated seawater, in a batch system was investigated using the isolated consortium. They expressed total petroleum hydrocarbons biodegradation of ≈ 77.79%, with n- and iso-alkanes degradation of ≈ 97.97 and 72.92%, respectively. The bacterial consortium showed broad versatility on biodegradation of the 16 polyaromatic hydrocarbons listed by US Environmental Protection Agency EPA as priority pollutants with ≈ 85.79% biodegradation of carcinogenic PAHs.

The aim of this paper is to introduce and study the notion of -Theta*-semi-open sets\nand Theta-*-semi-continuous functions. Some characterizations and properties of these notions\nare presented.

The present Author and et. al [17] introduced the notion of a Gamma - generalized closed set. The purpose of this paper is to introduce and study the concept of Gamma- g-compactness\n(resp. Gamma- g-connectedness) which is stronger than the concept of GO-compactness [9] (resp. GO-connectedness[9]). Also, some characterizations of these notions\nare discussed. Further, we obtain that each factor space is Gamma- g-compact (resp. Gamma- g-connected)\nfrom the product for Gamma- g-compact (resp. Gamma- g-connected) spaces.

This paper is to introduce and study upper and lower faintly Beta- con-\ntinuous multifunctions as a generalizations of upper and lower Beta- continuous\nmultifunctions. The basic properties and characterizations of such functions\nare established.

In the real world, everyone is required to make decisions, whether they realize it or not and whether large or small, at any given time and location. In most cases, the reasons of these decisions are either to minimise effort or cost or to maximise the desired gain or profit. In shipping industries, the decisions in selecting the equipment/component are very crucial. A wrong decision will end up with reduce in profit making or even worst drown in losses. The main tasks of this paper include reviewing the decision making technique in preliminary ship design phase. A variety of techniques used in previous works have been explained in methodology review. Many criteria and concepts are used as the basis for consideration in order to achieve the desired objectives.

Purpose - The design, simulation and comparison of the performance of controllers applied to a Scorbot ER-V Plus robot with three Degrees Of Freedom (DOF) are presented. \nDesign/Methodology/Approach - Four controllers are prepared to test the robot\'s dynamic model: predictive; hyperbolic sine-cosine; sliding mode; and a hybrid composed of a predictive + hyperbolic sine-cosine controller. A simulator is developed by means of the MatLab/Simulink software, which allows analyzing the dynamic performance of the robot and of the designed controllers. The manipulator robot is made to follow a step-type test trajectory which, thanks to the proposed controllers, it can do successfully. The results of the performance of this manipulator and of its controllers, for each of the three joints, are compared by means of RMS indices, considering joint errors according to the imposed trajectory and to the controller used.

In this paper, we research curves on surfaces at a constant distance from the edge of regression on a surface which denoted by M^{f} in E³. Using the definition of surfaces at a constant distance from the edge of regression on a surface we find image of parameter curve which lie on the base surface. Then considering Darboux frames of curves lying on surfaces M and M^{f}, we obtain some relationships between the geodesic curvature, the normal curvature, the geodesic torsion of curve on M and its image curve on M^{f}.

In this paper, the concepts of soft $\\mathcal{G}$-regular and soft\n$\\mathcal{G}$-compact space on soft topological spaces with a soft\ngrill $\\mathcal{G}$ are introduced and the properties of these\nspaces are studied.

In this study, three different mechanization applications were used for rapeseed cultivation. The applications were conventional tillage, reduced tillage and direct sowing. All applications were conducted on the Application Field of Çukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Machinery. In all three type of application, the energy input for fertilizer was 7242.50 MJ/ha, compared to other inputs in total energy input rate which was used in cultivation had the highest level, determined as %, 69.07%, 78.32% and 85.13%, respectively. The energy input for fertilizer was followed by energy inputs for diesel, machinery, seed, human labor and oil, respectively. The energy ratios of rapeseed cultivations were determined as 7.30, 7.55 and 7.24, respectively for each application.

In Turkey, treatment sludge that obtained from domestic wastewater and water treatment plants is caused storage and disposal problems. In the current situation, there are 69 domestic wastewater treatment plants in Turkey which correspond to approximately 13% of the population. Total 500 thousand tons treatment sludge is released from these treatment plants, annually. In the case of all municipalities establish a wastewater treatment plant, approximately, 4 million tons of treatment sludge is projected to be released in a year. Additionally, 3.6 million tons of treatment sludge is released from the manufacturing industry. In other words, approximately 7.6106 tons of treatment sludge potential exists in Turkey and in the same amount of the storage area (7.6106 m3) is needed for the storage of this treatment sludge, annually.\n\nIn this study, energy production from wastewater treatment sludge through the anaerobic method has been investigated and compared to the aerobic treatment method. Also, advantages and disadvantages of both methods have been introduced. In order to determine biogas production capacity from treatment sludge, some amount of sample sludge has been taken from the final sedimentation tank before belt press in a wastewater treatment plant and it has been experimentally analyzed.

Background: Although minor traumas of grade I and II, according to the classification of Organ Injury Scaling Committee (OISC) of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, represent up to 85% of all kidney injuries, information regarding morphological changes in renal tissues is sparse. Clinically the most prominent feature is microscopic or macroscopic hematuria, the intensity of which does not reliably correlate with the degree of kidney injury. \nMethods and results: A model of experimental trauma, using fresh porcine kidney, was developed to describe changes in renal tissue after lower grade injuries. The kidneys were studied and evaluated macroscopically, microscopically, via corrosion specimens (Dentacryle, Mercox) and with ultrasound examination. Modeling kidney trauma revealed that even relatively minor mechanical forces can cause kidney damage. Most of the damage was found to be in the renal parenchyma. The distribution of tears in cortex, as well as the medulla, was associated more with delicate connective tissue as opposed to the tubular system. Microscopic imaging showed that vessel injuries were most common at the level of the arcuate veins and arteries; corrosion specimens revealed defects in filling from the arterial circulation and extravasation fluid formation at the level of the arcuate veins; ultrasound showed the first markers of mechanical force on renal parenchyma are interstitial effusions. \nConclusions: The study demonstrated that even a relatively mild mechanical force can result in severe kidney injury and due to the similarity between human and porcine kidneys we consider the results to be applicable to human medicine.

In this paper, we consider curves of AW(k)-type (1 k 3) in Three Dimensional Lie\nGroups. We give harmonic curvature conditions of AW(k)-type curves. Furthermore, we\ninvestigate that under what conditions AW(k)-type curves are helix. Besides, considering\nAW(k)-type curves, we investigate Bertrand curves and we show that there are Bertrand\ncurves of AW(2), AW(3) and weak AW(2)..types.

Nile tilapia brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was fractionated by ammonium sulfate (10-30%) precipitation and purified using Sephadex G-200. The overall purification was approximately 18.21-fold and provided a yield of approximately 54.23%. Generally, the enzyme required Na and K ions for activity. Fish AChE activity was inhibited by 15% on using potassium iodide. In contrast, EDTA, NaNo3, DTNB and GSH act as stimulators for fish AChE. The enzyme exhibited a potent activity against acetylcholine and exhibited its least activity against butyrylcholine; thus, Nile tilapia brain cholinesterase is a true cholinesterase. Maximum enzyme activity was observed when incubated with substrate at pH 8.5 and 45°C. Clove oil decreased the Km value of AChE, thereby increasing the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate and subsequently increasing its efficacy as a fish anesthetic compared with lidocaine. This might reflected in either decreased stress during the handling of fish for veterinarian procedure especially when more time requires or increased the quality of fish whose protein had been permanently altered by the technique of its slaughter.

In this paper we introduce the notion of *-Baer *-rings, the corresponding notion to Baer rings. We shall relate this notion to that of *-rings defined earlier by morphisms not necessarily preserving involution, that is via right ideals. We prove that each *-Baer *-ring is semiprime. Moreover, we show that the property of *-Baer extends to both the corner and the center of the ring.

In the present paper we study the operator using the generalized Sălăgean operator and Ruscheweyh operator, denote by DR_{λ}^{m} the Hadamard product of the generalized Sălăgean operator D_{λ}^{m} and Ruscheweyh operator R^{m}, given by DR_{λ}^{m}:A_{n}→A_{n}, DR_{λ}^{m}f(z)=(D_{λ}^{m}∗R^{m})f(z) and A_{n}={f∈H(U): f(z)=z+a_{n+1}zⁿ⁺¹+…, z∈U} is the class of normalized analytic functions . We obtain several differential subordinations regarding the operator DR_{λ}^{m}.

In the present study, we introduce numerical solutions of a class of fractional variational problems (FVPs) by Chebyshev spectral method. We present an approximate formula of the Caputo fractional derivative. The properties of the Chebyshev polynomials\nand Rayleigh-Ritz method are used to reduce the FVPs to the solution of system of algebraic equations. Special attention is given to study the convergence analysis and estimate an upper bound of the error of the derived formula. The obtained numerical results show the simplicity and the efficiency of the proposed method.

The negative transitive fuzzy matrices is studied and some of their properties are developed. The relationships between transitive fuzzy matrices and negative transitive fuzzy matrices are given through the complements of fuzzy matrices. We construct an idempotent fuzzy matrix from a negative transitive fuzzy one throughout the Sheffer operator which will be defined. Also, we obtain a canonical form of negative transitive fuzzy matrices.