Environmental pollution with toxic heavy metals is spreading throughout the world alongside industrial development. Microorganisms and microbial products can be highly efficient bioaccumulators of soluble and particulate forms of metals especially dilute external solutions. Microbe related technologies (Biotechnology) may provide an alternative or additive conventional method for metal removal or metal recovery. This study dealt with isolation, identification and characterization of heavy metal resistant bacteria (Pb2+, Cd2+, Al3+, Cu2+, Ag2+ and Sn2+) from swage and underground water at Taif province, Saudi Arabia. 9 bacterial isolates were selected by using enrichment isolation procedure based on high level of heavy metal resistance. All the isolates showed high resistance to heavy metals with Minimum Inhibitor Concentration (MIC) ranging from 800 μg/ml to 1400 μg/ml. 9 resistant isolates showed multiple tolerances to heavy metals. On the basis of morphological, biochemical and 16S rRNA characterization the isolates were identified as Alcaligenes faecalis. Scanning electron microscope analysis showed that the morphology of Alcaligenes faecalis Ag1-1 was unchanged after growth in medium without and with addition of Ag2+. The obtained heavy metal resistant bacteria could be useful for the bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated environment.

The paper resumes statistics on traumatic brain injury (TBI) from a Romanian country district, collected throughout five years. Statistics in the literature that demonstrated the link between TBI and psychiatric disorders are extrapolated as TBI is considered to be a risk factor for psychiatric disorders. As consequence, estimation of some post TBI psychiatric sequels is computed aiming to emphasize the need for psychiatric support and treatment in more organized multidisciplinary neurotrauma management teams.

The extraction of mandibular third molar is a common procedure in daily practice by dentists; causes pain, swelling, and dysfunction for the patient. The most common drug used for controlling these processes is ibuprofen. Decreasing local and systemic cytokines levels with the use of drugs is a well-known method for reducing clinical inflammation. Currently, the search for natural compounds to resolve these issues has been increasing. Recent studies have shown that bDLE is a natural compound that has an anti-inflammatory activity. A controlled, parallel, randomized and comparative trial was carried out to evaluate the anti-inflammatory efficacy of bDLE versus ibuprofen in patients after third molar surgery over 7 days. To evaluate this, was used the Amin and Laskin ́s method, and the analysis of Th1/Th2 cytokine production (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL- 10, TNF-α, INF-γ) in saliva. Both treatments control the percentage of swelling after surgery similarly (p > 0.05), but the modulation of cytokine production in saliva is different for each treatment. Not difference (p<0.05) was found between the use of ibuprofen or bDLE in the control of inflammation, these preliminary results suggesting an anti-inflammatory activity of natural compound bDLE similar to the ibuprofen, to be used in dentistry clinical practice without having side effects.

Cumulus expansion needs synthesis of hyaluronic acid and production of it is controlled by the enzyme hyaluronic acid synthase 2 (HAS2). The aim of present study was to determine if Omega-3 can upregulate expression of HAS2 in Cumulus cells and its consequences on the outcome of in vitro fertilization. For this purpose, 30 female and 5 male mice were used. After super ovulation, COCs were collected from oviduct by flashing method. In experimental 1group: surrounding cumulus cells were removed by using 20 λ hyaluronidase and then were cultured in 200 μl universal medium supplemented with 20 λ omega-3 for 6 hrs. Control1 group: was treated same as experimental group except for addition of omega-3 into culture media. In both experimental and control 2 groups: COCs were cultured in relevant medium for each group for 6 hrs. The cumulus cells were stored at nitrogen tank until real-time PCR. PCR was performed by using a master mix containing CYBR green. The mRNA level of HAS2 was evaluated. For the IVF the sperms were added to the medium drops containing COCs. Embryo formation was considered as a success in fertility rate and compared with control group using T- Test. The result showed that the level of expression of HAS2 and the number of embryo formation in experimental groups comparing with controls was significantly increased (p≤0.05).\nThe result indicates that omega-3 increases the expression of HAS2 and fertility rate.

Background: Problem solving is base of nursing process; therefore nurture of this competency is very important in nurses. Because the heart of the effective interventions nursing is problem solving. Also emotional intelligence is very important in success of persons in health systems.\nAims: Therefore the aim of this study is determine the relationship between emotional intelligence and problem solving skill in nursing students.\nMaterials & Methods: This study is a prospective & analytic study that performed on 43 nursing students in Shiraz nursing & midwifery faculty. For data gathering used of Bar-On emotional intelligence questionnaire. Data analyzed in SPSS16 statistic software. \nResults: Founds of this study showed the significant relation between emotional intelligence and problem solving skill in nursing students (p=0.0, r=0.8). It means, students that had high problem solving skill, emotional intelligence level is too high in their and counter. \nConclusion: Attention to study’s results and relation between and problem solving skill and attention to importance of emotional intelligence and problem solving skill in nursing occupation, such as education and research and clinic, initiation of basic skills such as emotional intelligence and problem solving in educational planning of nursing and physician students and health stuffs, recommended.

The progress of the modern detectors arrays was based on their good angular resolution, which has a great impact on γ-ray spectroscopy with relativistic fragmentation beams, and thus allow studies of the most exotic nuclei and discovery of super-deformed (SD) states of high spins. Recently, a fast timing array was designed for the Future Facility for Anti-proton and Ion Research (FAIR) for studying the very short-lived nuclei (of several sub-nanoseconds) at the extremes of existence. For this purpose, several γ-ray detector array geometries were designed and simulated to maximize the solid angle and enhance the timing precision and efficiencies. Therefore, the probability correction approach has been applied in the present work to calibrate the newly designed γ-ray conical array for the fast timing array. The calculated full-energy peak efficiency values for the array were compared to the simulated ones by GEANT 4 code published in literatures. Results showed a reasonably low percentage relative difference between the calculated and the reported simulated results less than 4.5 % on average.

Aim of study: To study the effects of three saponin compounds derived from Radix Polygalae on gastric mucosal injuries & indexes Gastrointestinal oxidation in mice. \nMethods: Administer the medicine to male Kunming mice, and then determine the different extent of damages that each compound does to gastric mucosa by observing gastric pathologic section; compare the changes of oxidation index by measure the activity of SOD and the content of MDA, LDH, GSH by taking gastrointestinal homogenate of mice.\nResult: The gastric mucosas hyperemia were found in the PTS group and OJB group; Given Total Saponins in Radix Polygalae and Onjisaponin B (OJB), the mice appeared as gastric mucosal hyperemia and swelling, gastric epithelial cell fusion, compared to the control group (P<0.05). Compared to the control group , given Onjisaponin B (OJB) (400mg/kg ) and TEN (400 and 200 mg/kg), the activity of SOD and the content of GSH in mice’ gastroenteric tissues increased greatly (P<0. 05, P<0. 01, or P<0. 001), but the content of MDA, LDH showed no obvious change.\nConclusion: Onjisaponin B (OJB) has injured gastric mucosa most. The three saponin compounds derived from Radix Polygalae show an anti-oxidation effect to some extent instead of causing oxidative injury.

Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) is a traditional medicinal plant in China. Polyploid plants usually possess stronger saline adaptability, but the physiological basis has not been deeply revealed. Accordingly, we examined the effects of salt stress on biomass and photosynthesis in tetraploid honeysuckle (Jiufengyihao, JF), and explored the mechanisms of limiting leaf toxic ions accumulation and antioxidant responses by using diploid plants (Damaohua, DM) as control. After 15 days of salt stress, the decrease in leaf and root dry weight was greater in DM than JF. Stomatal limitation was the dominant cause for photosynthetic rate (Pn) at 150 mM NaCl treatment, less decrease in Pn was in parallel with relatively higher stomatal conductance in JF. At 300 mM NaCl treatment, CO2 assimilation was restrained due to the declined rubisco activation, and the rubisco activation in JF seemed more tolerant. In line with larger root Na+ extrusion and restriction of Na+ and Cl- transport to the leaf, JF leaf accumulated less Na+ and Cl-. Salt-induced oxidative injury indicated by malondialdehyde content was lighter in JF leaf, and increased leaf chlorogenic acid and total phenolic content could strengthen antioxidant activity to alleviate oxidative stress, whereas superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities were not significantly elevated. In conclusion, tetraploid honeysuckle was more salt tolerant than diploid honeysuckle. As an important mechanism for saline adaption, greater root Na+ extrusion and restriction of toxic ions transport from root to leaf mitigated leaf Na+ and Cl- accumulation in tetraploid honeysuckle under salt stress.

Using a non-Newtonian mathematical model for the blood flow and a generalized Maxwell model for the viscoelastic behavior of the large vessels – elaborated and presented already by us in previous papers [1], [2] we make some remarks on the wall shear stress (WSS) in the case of an artery whose vessel wall is replaced by a vascular prosthesis following a surgical intervention. Considering then a pseudoaneurysm which is located on both genuine blood vessel and prosthesis we analyze the distribution of wall shear stress and taking into account also the viscoplastic behavior of the prosthesis we try to determine the mechanical conditions which would lead to a possible “jerk” (“rupture”) of the vascular vessel in the presence of the pseudoaneurysm.

Using the extended tanh-function method, we\npresented the traveling wave solutions for some different kinds of\nthe Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equations. We implemented a direct\nalgebraic method for the exact solutions of the KdV equation,\nmodified KdV equation, the fifth order KdV equation and generalized\nfifth order KdV equation. Solutions for the KdV equation, modified\nKdV equation, the fifth order KdV equation and generalized fifth\norder KdV equation are obtained precisely and efficiency of the\nmethod can be demonstrated. We analyze the stability of these\nsolutions and the movement role of the waves by making the graphs of\nthe exact solutions. All solutions are exact and stable, and have\napplications in physics.

Maternal mortality reduction in developing countries is controversial despite availability of expansive, efficacious interventions and efforts at national and international level. Balochistan with highest MMR 785/100,000 live births, among provinces of Pakistan and low antenatal care (ANC) utilization, 39% one visit and 11% four visits. In recent years, Balochistan province showed a decline in the proportion of expectant mothers with access to ANC.The aim of this paper is to identify and assess main factors affecting utilization of ANC in Balochistan province, Pakistan. Data on ANC utilization, together with social and economic determinants, were derived from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) conducted in Balochistan, in 2010.We have established the model to identify the influential factors contributing towards the utilization of ANC by logistic regression, where model selection was done by AIC and BIC criterion. Household wealth, education, health condition, age at first marriage, children surviving and spouse violence justification all were found significantly associated with ANC coverage. Literate mothers have 2.45 times more tendency to have ANC, and women having symptom of newborn at birth that needs hospitalization decreases the chances of ANC 0.47 times. With the increase number of surviving child, women risk of not having ANC increased by 1.07 times and those who socially think their spouse violence is justified are also at 1.36 times more at risk. More efficient ways to target disadvantaged groups, taking synergy effects between multiple social determinants into consideration, are needed in order to assure safe motherhood in rural and scattered populations like Balochistan Province and elsewhere.

Abstract\nBased on the literature we concluded that the optimal therapeutic solution to combat oxidative stress is the management of a complex antioxidant and hepatoprotective containing minerals and trace elements associated with enzymes, natural vitamins, phenols, flavonoids and identified the richness of these components, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in some plant species wild in south-west Romaniei. \nOf all the species studied, these were imposed in terms of the aim pursued:\n- Fraxini folium derived from species Fraxinus excelsior L. - Oleaceae family.\n- Origani herba derived from species Origanum vulgare L.- Lamiaceae family\n(Labiatae).\n- Xanthii spinosi herba derived from species Xanthium spinosum L.- Asteraceae\nfamily (Compositae) [22, 23, 24, 28, 31, 32, 34].\nI got a raw material-combination, standardized in terms of content in polyphenols: dried thorn aerial parts powder of Xanthium spinosum (herba Xanthii pulvis): dried leaf powder ash (Fraxini folium pulvis): dried aerial parts powder of oregano (Origani herba pulvis): hydroalcoholic extract of oregano 20% (obtained from the dried leaves and flowers of the species Origanum vulgare L)[3,21,26].\nThe powder mixture obtained from aerial parts of thorn, ash leaves and aerial parts oregano defined as optimal from studies in 1:2:1 ratio (Xanthii herba pulvis: Fraxini folium pulvis: Origani herba pulvis), with addition of 20% hydroalcoholic extract of oregano caught on the mixture as a solid support.\nRaw enable standardized mixture obtained has a content of active ingredients with antioxidant capacity, ORAC, at least 3000 and standardized polyphenol content values that ensure its intended purpose, namely a general detoxifier, a hepatoprotective and a natural source of nutrients and trace elements.\nMacroscopic, histo-anatomical, physico-chemical, microbiological and biological characterization of the plant products Fraxini folium, Origani herba, Xanthii spinosi herba and the final optimum combination and decided (with the addition of hydroalcoholic extract of oregano 20%) was performed according to the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia edition 7th, 8th,[12, 13] Romanian Pharmacopoeia edition X [37] and literature [34].\nWe obtained a standardized active ingredient combination of natural plant origin with properties studied and proven antioxidant and hepatoprotective.

Pompe\'s disease is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder resulting from acid alpha-glucosidase deficiency. The late onset form result in residual enzyme activity and characterized by age of onset, rate of disease progression and phenotypical spectrum. In this report, we described a late onset Pompe disease.

Abstract. The impetuous process of mathematization of science that began in the\nfifties of the last century after the emergence of computers has led to the formation of\nmodern applied mathematics, which includes a range of issues related to the application\nof mathematical methods and computer technology in studies of various physical\nprocesses and phenomena and their use in practical human activity. Development of\nmodern society is characterized by improving the higher education system on the basis\nof the principles of liberalization and humanization aimed at developing common\ncultural components and the formation of personal maturity of students. These\nprinciples were developed in the humanization of higher mathematical education. In\nmany ways, it is closely connected with teaching applied mathematics to students. The\nstudy conducted by the authors the results of which are described in this paper is\ndevoted to the identification of factors in the formation of the students’ humanitarian\nculture in teaching applied mathematics.

Abstract\nThe purpose of this study is to demonstrate the efficacy of antimicrobial own hive products for use in therapeutic products as multi and single-dose oral and dietary supplements without preservatives in the formula of manufacture.\nThe products studied were: royal jelly, bee bread and propolis and all derived from the indigenous production of clean and unpolluted area [1][2][3][16].\nThis study was carried out according to the methodology of the European Pharmacopoeia, 8th edition, Chapter 5.1.3., “Efficacy of antimicrobial preservation” demonstrating the antimicrobial effect both in terms of quality and quantity, the following standard test microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 16404.[17][35]\nIngredients are pure and do not contain any additives or chemicals; they are not hydrogenated and are free of GMOs (genetically modified organisms).\nThe products studied showed their antimicrobial properties and have met the criteria for eligibility for oral products, for Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria or yeast and filamentous fungi or all of these types of microorganisms.

The study, analysis and evaluation of different types of trajectory control and planning algorithms for mobile robots that perform in static environments are presented. For that purpose a mobile robot is made to plan and follow, in an autonomous way, a route from a starting point to a finishing point, both arbitrary. Issues such as kinematics, trajectory planning and contour maps, robot control, etc. are reviewed. Computer simulations that validate these theoretical results are also designed and implemented, and a study and analysis of the operation, strengths, and weaknesses of each trajectory planning methodology is made.

Using waste newspaper to produce fuel ethanol may not only turn waste into treasure, but also save resources and increase energy supply. This experiment firstly uses physical crushing method to make waste newspapers into slurry, and then to deink with surfactant. Next, high temperature and pressure treatment with dilute acid is used to manipulate catalytic decomposition of cellulose to glucose. And finally, glucose solution is converted into ethanol. The results show that, through physical crushing, slurry making, deinking, acid hydrolysis and fermentation methods, under optimum fermentation conditions such as temperature 30℃, initial pH 5.0, inoculum 10% (V/V) and fermentation time 72 hours, lignocellulose in waste newspapers may be converted into ethanol and ethanol productivity may reach 0.2616g ethanol per g waste newspaper that is 67.74% of theoretical value. Therefore, using waste newspaper to produce fuel ethanol has technical and economic feasibility.

Medicago truncatula Gaertn, is an annual plant, which is native to the Mediterranean region. In order to study the dormancy mechanism of Medicago truncatula seeds, Medicago truncatula seeds are used as experimental material to determine the viability, germination percentage, water absorption rate and biological activity tests of the crude extracts. The results showed that: 1) the seed viability of Medicago truncatula was 55.56%, but the germination percentage of complete seeds was zero, seed viability value was significantly higher than seed germination percentage, indicating Medicago truncatula seeds had strong life force, and seeds had dormancy property; 2) water absorbtion test had revealed that water absorption rate of scarified seeds was higher than that of intact seeds, showing that Medicago truncatula seed coats inhibited water absorbing of embryo; 3) Embryo germination test showed the germination percentage of embryo was 100%, indicating that the seed coat significantly inhibited the development and growth of embryo; 4) biological activity test of the germinated inhibitors in Medicago truncatula showed that the four crude extracts could significantly inhibited seed germination and seedling growth of Chinese cabbage, inhibitory effect of methanol extract on Chinese cabbage seed germination and seedling growth was stronger than distilled water extracts, implies that the embryos contain more water-soluble germinated inhibitors and there could be more organic compounds resolved in methanol. Therefore, it is concluded that Medicago truncatula seeds have dormancy, which is combinational dormancy.

In this paper we are presenting simulation results with a new type-2 fuzzy granular approach for intelligent control of non-linear dynamical plants. First, we describe the proposed approach for intelligent control using a hierarchical modular architecture with type-2 fuzzy logic, which is used for combining the outputs of the modules. Then, the approach is illustrated with the benchmark case of three tank water level control.

There are many studies about the antitumour effects of Bt toxins from different strains or subspecies in different parts the world until to day. Proteins that selectively kill tumor cells in vitro have potential as anticancer agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of crude soluble proteins extracts of vegetative cells (CSPEVC) from Mexican strains of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) on murine lymphoma L5178YR cell line. In vitro, L5178YR cells were treated with different concentrations of CSPEVC from Bacillus thuringiensis (0 to 39.8 μg/mL) and cellular viability was evaluated by MTT method and orange acridine/ethidium bromide staining. The mechanism of cell death was evaluated through caspase-3 activation by flow cytometry, and TUNEL assays. Our results shown that CSPEVC from Bt (GM1-3h, GM18-3h, HD512-3h, GM1-24h, GM18-24h, HD512-24h, GM1-48h, GM18-48h, and HD 512-48h) affected the cell viability of L5178YR in a dose-dependent manner, shown higher cytotoxic effect the CSPEVC collected at 3h independent of the strain used; and the 7% SDS-PAGE shown an electrophoretic profile of proteins in a range of 10 to 100 kDa of the CSPEVC Bt. This cytotoxic activity is through a mechanism of apoptosis because the caspase-3 activation and TUNEL assays corroborated this result. In conclusion, CSPEVC derived from early culture (3h) of Bt strains GM1, GM18, and HD-512 have in vitro cytotoxic potential on murine lymphoma L5178YR cell line through a mechanism of cell death by apoptosis

Abstract\nBackground: Up to now, the incidence and clinical characteristics of Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) in mainland China remain unexplored. Here, we analyzed the published Chinese literature to assess the clinical features of SPS in China. Methods: A computer-based online search of China National Knowledge and VIP database. The China National Knowledge Infrastructure and the VIP database were performed to review case reports concerning SPS published between January 1st, 1994 and June 30th, 2013.Results: 113 patients (74 males and 39 females) were collected in total. The disease affects males as twice as females. 75 patients were diagnosed and the onset of the disease being the mean age of 44.7 years, and axial muscles were involved in 82.7% (62/75) of these suffers. It is noteworthy that the involvement of brainstem muscles including throat muscle account for 34.3% (38/75) patients during diagnosis. EMG of 95 (84.1%, 95/113) patients presented continuous motor unit activity (CMUA), while only 4 tested subjects showed positive anti-GAD results. Conclusion: The specific clinical manifestation and EMG with CMUA are generally believed essential for the diagnosis of SPS. In addition, the existence of anti-GAD antibody is uncommon in Chinese suffers, and a further study of the relationship between Chinese SPS patients and anti-GAD are urgently needed.

A potted experiment was conducted in the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Sargodha, Pakistan to determine the effect of traicontanol on maize under saline conditions. Different levels of salinity (0, 60,120 mM) were applied on maize according to the saturation percentage of soil and different levels of triacontanol (0, 15, 30 µM) were applied along with tween 20 as thickener to attach the triacontanol on maize plant. The seeds of maize were obtained from Agriculture Research Institute Faisalabad. Each pot was filled with 8kg well mixed soil. Triacontanol alleviated the effect of salinity. Different attributes regard to growth, physiology and biochemistry were collected and analyzed statistically. Salt stress reduced the growth of both maize cutivars by causing reduction in photosynthesis and enhanced the accumulation of Na+ and Cl−and decreased the K+ and Ca2+ in the leaves and roots of both cultivars. Application of triacontanol ameliorated the effect of salinity and enhanced the growth of maize plants. Among different concentration of triacontanol, 30µM triacontanol was more effective to counteract the effect of salinity. Triacontanol enhanced the growth, increased photosynthetic rate, accumulation of K+ and Ca2+ in leaves. Different osmolytes such as proline, soluble sugar increased under saline conditions. So it is concluded that triacontanol is best growth regulator under salinity stress and 30µM level of triacontanol was more effective under saline conditions.

In the present paper, behavioral characteristics of brittle rocks subjected to uniaxial compressive stress are investigated. Uniaxial compressive strength test is used to determine the rocks’ behavior and uniaxial compressive strength (UCS). There are different methods for determining UCS, such as Schmidt hammer, point load, sound velocity, etc. However, the available methods do not consider the rocks’ behavior, therefore the obtained results of these experiments are independent of the rocks’ behavior. Hence, the results are inaccurate which leads to the reduction of efficiency in analysis and design of structures. In this study, the relationship between rocks’ behavior and uniaxial compressive stress is obtained based on the Mohr-Coulomb criterion. It is indicated that behavioral path of brittle rocks’ influenced by uniaxial stress is function of cohesion. In the other words, cohesion varies as the uniaxial stress changes and in yield point, the cohesion is maximum. Also, the yield stress is equivalent to UCS. In addition to the cohesion, the elasticity modulus which represents rocks’ behavior must be considered in design and analysis of the structures.

Impulse buying is a strong and unexpected urge to purchase an item with little thought for the consequences. However researcher attention has been attracted by impulse buying in recent years, despite growing evidence about the prevalence of impulsive behaviors across diverse consumption context its incidence in services is ignored. This paper discusses impulse buying in services in a Iran by using a lab-experiment to demonstrate significant differences in the influence of three relevant consumer traits (consumer impulsiveness, Stimulation Level, and self-controlling) on the level of perceived risk and impulsiveness in purchase decisions for six different services with varying levels of tangible (vs. intangible) attributes and higher search (vs. experience and credence) properties. Hence, this study prepares useful insights for researchers and services marketers by providing evidence of the presence of impulse buying in services.

Iran is located in the part of word which is considered as arid and semi- arid regions except Caspian Sea margin regions Because of this reason, primary cores of most cities of Iran are located at the sides of water rebasins like rivers. These cities are developed at the side of cities and are exceeded to the river limits or beds because of development. Most of Iranian rivers have turbulent or seasonal regimes and cities development in the river beds will cause much damage especially in the floods which have soon return period. Zanjan city is located and developed at the side of Zanjanroud(river of Zanjan). At the present time, eight Zanjanroud sub-basins and the main river bed are located in the city. In the future, many number of Zanjanroudsub-basin will be located in the city because of the city development. Lack of attention to the maximum produced discharge rate in building surface water discharge channels can result in much damage to the city in future. In this research, by determining the sub-basins which are located in the city, the researcher has tried to estimate the flood discharge volume in the return periods of 2, 10, 5, 25, 50, and 100 years and to investigate surface water discharge channels in the city and the critical channels are determined from this viewpoint. The research method is analytical. Topographies map, Air photos, and GIS are used as instruments. Synoptic station statistics of Zanjan is used for the relationship of intensity and precipitation period. The station is the only one in the research area. The result showed that there is much danger in the sub-basin channel of south of Safar Abad region and it has to be modified.