Mixture of Korean black soybean and hydroponic-cultured Panax ginseng was administered to the test animals to which stress was artificially induced, in order to investigate a possibility of acting as an antidepressant, through inhibition effect of Nrf2 activity by controlling inflammatory cytokines and NF-kB. Forced swimming test (FST) results showed that immobility time was high in the control Group II on an average 271.6 sec., while test groups Group III and Group IV showed immobility times with a remarkable difference at 193.6 sec. and 111.7 sec., respectively. However, there was no significant difference in spontaneous alteration (SA, %) between groups. In the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1?, IL-6, and TNF-?, the mixture administered group III and IV showed a significant reduction in SA as compared with that in the induced group (II). Expression of iNOS in the pons, administered group III with a high concentration of mixture showed a statistically reduced value as compared with that in the non-administered group II. While, expression of NF-?B showed a statistically significant reduction in the high concentration group III (0.80) and low concentration group IV (0.85) as compared with non-administered group II (2.63). further, expression of Nrf2 was reduced in the high concentration group III (0.9) and low concentration group IV (0.92) as compared with that in the non-administration group II (1.79). Expression of iNOS in the thyroid showed statistically significant reduction in the high concentration group III (0.69) and low concentration group IV (0.96) as compared with non-administered group II (4.39). Further, Nrf2 expression in the thyroid was also statistically reduced in the high concentration group III (0.74) and low concentration group IV (1.37) as compared with non-administered group II (1.96). In the adrenal, all the expression of iNOS, NF- ?B, and Nrf2 showed statistical difference in the mixture administered group (III) as compared with induced group (II). As a conclusion, administration of mixture of Korean black soybean and hydroponic-Panax ginseng to the rats to which depression is induced by acute stress would control Nrf2 activity by inhibiting increases in the cytokine and control NF-?B.

As drug use amount increases, the adverse drug reactions also continuously increase. An opinion of inflammation can be presented to a patient during the treatment process, and major organs’ damages have been reported due to drugs. This study induced adverse drug reactions through oral administration of loperamide used as an obstruent to four weeks Dawley, and the effect was evaluated through oral administration of Fomes fomentarius extracts that have been reported to have immunodulatory and antiinflammatory efficacy. As a result of an experiment, the oral administration of Fomes fomentarius extracts did not induce any change of major organs or blood cells, and controlled the dose of pro-inflammation cytokine. The Fomes fomentarius extracts showed a tendency to control the expression of signal delivering protein in the pons, lungs and adrenal, which implies that the extracts have an improvement effect in the inflammation model.

Purpose: We carried out the present study to demonstrate that oral treatment with Fomes fomentarius extract (FFE) protects SD rats from pain.\nMethods: Animal experimental groups were divided by four groups and two animal model groups were fed on extract of FFE 200 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg. We carried out oral acute toxicity test to determine oral dose of FFE. To identify the pain relief of rat, we performed tail flick latency test and formalin test. Additionally we carried out monoclonal antibodies (p38 and Nrf2) of western blot.\nConclusion: Our study has demonstrated the FFE showed anti-nociceptive effects for pain animal model, which would be related to the inhibition of relevant signaling pathways such as p38 and Nrf2 controlling the production of nociceptive and inflammatory mediators.

Risks associated with life-long immunosuppression adversely affect the long-term renal allograft survival. Cell-based therapies emerged as an alternative strategy to preserve renal function and to prevent graft rejection. The most widely used cell line is the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs possess phenotypic plasticity and exert their therapeutic effects by producing an arsenal of bioactive molecules. This review focuses on the results of human studies conducted using MSCs, and evaluates their future prospects in renal transplantation.