This study investigates the fundamental efficiency, an important factor in designing direct dryer equipment, in relation to the temperature and velocity of hot air when drying sludge waste materials. Furthermore, by replicating the hot-air flow within the dryer by conducting a heat transfer fluid analysis while applying the dryer design and conditions, the drying ability was confirmed by investigating the movement of the heat and moisture of the hot air and sludge, ensuring the suitability of the design conditions and mechanical stability of the dryer. In addition, a conveyor-belt dryer with an attached compression-molding device was manufactured to counteract the clumping phenomenon, which is a defect in existing conveyor-belt dryers. A drying efficiency test was performed to identify the dryer’s processing ability, drying characteristics, and operating conditions. The constant variable of the drying speed, according to the total drying time in relation to the waste material’s moisture content, showed a relationship between the initial moisture content and the final moisture content. In addition, the drying speed showed exponential functionality because of its parallelism with the drying curve of a waste material with exponential functionality and a coefficient of determination (R2) of more than 0.9. Four empirical formulas were selected and compared from amongst the most appropriate heat transfer coefficient formulas. When tested using the range of the hot-air supply of 0.12-0.24 m/s, the McAdams, Watmuff, and Tantau formulas showed the highest values, and the Garzoli and Blackwell formula showed the smallest values with a difference of 10-20 kcal/m2hr°C

This era would be addressed as the Internet of things (IoT) era where millions of devices, sensors, vehicles and humans are connected and reacted together. Using IoT in supply chain management and logistics could be considered as one of the promising IoT applications as it can optimize both cost and operating time. This work proposed a frame work for tracking containers using physical devices as GPS tracker, GSM modem and Internet as connection media to optimize its journey cost and time. The original studied shows that manual system of tracking containers caused many problems such as absence of integrity and efficiency. In case of using the manual data filing system many problems arise such as unfinished ordering request, false requests, vague locations, difficulty in choosing efficient distribution process and assigning tasks to drivers. Also, the wasted time due to checking availability of containers, lost driver looking for the delivery location, delayed updates about container status (available, must empty), unknown container location. This paper proposes a solution that based on IoT to connect and control remotely all the objects involves in container tracking such as GPS tracker, GSM modem with an aid of mobile base application to issues orders in an optimized manner, saving both time and cost. The current work uses a clustering technique to improve distributing and managing construction dumping containers. Automating the process of distributing and monitoring the containers using IoT based solution have many pros such as saving companies’ monetary resources, saving employees time, serving customers better.