The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro efficiency of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis L (Rosemary) (EERo and MERo, respectively) as well as formalin and sodium hypochlorite to inhibit or disrupt sporulation of Eimeria tenella oocysts of chickens. Non-sporulated oocysts (2×104/ml) were exposed to eleven dilutions of EERo and MERo (1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.062, 0.031, 0.015, 0.007, 0.004, 0.002 and 0.001%). Furthermore, oocysts were exposed to ten different concentrations of formalin and sodium hypochlorite (from 1 to 10%). Control oocysts were maintained in normal saline solution. Oocysts were incubated in partially covered Petri dishes with 25-29°C and 60-80% humidity. Two replicates were used for each treatment. The treated oocysts were examined after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h and sporulation was confirmed by an inverted microscope (40x). Results revealed that all the tested materials exhibited anticoccidial activity evidenced by their ability to reduce and/or inhibit sporulation. EERo inhibition was maximum at the lowest examined concentration (0.001%) revealing 50% after 24 h besides a remarkable damage to the normal morphology of E. tenella oocysts after 24 and 48 h. Meanwhile, 1% MERo showed a significant degree of sporulation inhibition; 48% after 24 h exposure. Sporocysts with abnormal shapes and sizes inside the oocysts exposed to EERo and MERo, were evidenced. The 10% formalin displayed 100% sporulation inhibition without a remarkable change in oocyst morphology, while sodium hypochlorite induced abnormalities in sporocysts in all tested times. Scanning electron micrographs of E. tenella oocysts demonstrated that 10% formalin resulted in wrinkling in oocyst wall with oocyst shrinking and collapsing. Taken all together, the present findings indicate that low concentration of EERo as well as 10% formalin are the most effective materials that inhibit E. tenella oocysts sporulation under the tested laboratory conditions.
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by several species of trematodes. New drug development has become essential because there is a risk of the parasite becoming resistant to Praziquantel, the only drug available for this infection. The aim of this study to assess the anti-schistosomal activities of Curcumin (300mg/kg/day) on the noticed tissue damage caused by Schistosoma mansoni infection in mice .Based on the electron microscopic examination, the infection resulted in marked morphological changes in the liver and spleen. Ultrastructural observations of liver revealed signs of hepatocyte degeneration were more clearly seen with proliferated rough endoplasmic reticulum encircling the mitochondria, and irregularity of the nuclear membrane. Besides the previously detected pathological changes, oval-shaped cells showing large oval nuclei. The cytoplasm o the hepatocytes was packed with organelles, including lots of swollen mitochondria were observed in most samples at all post infection times , the swollen ones appeared bloated and had fewer cristae and pale matrices. The endothelial cells were enlarged. Also the infection resulted in marked abnormalities in the spleen. As seen in the lymphoid follicles containing neutrophil, phagocytic cell and secondary lysosomes. Electron microscopic examination of the liver and spleen in curcumin treated mice revealed clear improvement of the hepatocytes, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum and normal lymphocytes follicles compared to control group. On the other hand, Curcumin ameliorated the tissues damage induced by schistosomiasis. These results suggest that curcumin may play against the alterations caused by S. mansoni infection.
Boundary Element Method is a numerical method used to solve integral equations using direct solver to produce an accurate results, which is considered one of its advantages. Its main disadvantage that it requires large computational efforts especially for large-size problems with complex geometries. Fast Multi-pole technique was proposed to reduce the needed computational efforts. In this paper, verifications of fast multi-pole technique based on boundary element method (BEM) against finite element commercial software and analytical solution are presented. Two numerical examples were used for verification purposes; cantilever plate and variable width fixed-end plate. Results show good agreement between both methods. When comparing the needed computational memory and time, it is found that the proposed fast multi-pole technique required less memory and time. Final conclusion that fast multi-pole technique overcomes one of the most important constraints against spreading the use of Boundary Element Method.
Wave energy can prove to be very feasible way of energy production in the coastal areas. Economic and widely available, renewable and environment friendly. Also unlike fossil fuels, creating power from waves creates no harmful by products such as gas, waste, and pollution. This paper presents two different physical models to converted wave energy to electrical power. The main objective of this paper is to produce an electric energy and to dissipate the wave energy using two different models, first model consists of a horizontal cylindrical floating hollow pipe with three fans there blades perpendicular to the incident wave and the other model consists of a vertical hollow cylindrical pipes with two fans over each other’s in each pipe and the incident wave is parallel to the fan blades, each of them rested over a floating base foundation, fastened with wires at the bed flume level. Inside these hollow cylinders the fans connected with a dynamos to generate electricity from the movement of the incident waves. By measuring the electric power from the two system models, and also compare the output energy from them. Also, calculate the transmitted wave energy by using these models as wave energy dissipation working as floating breakwater.