Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are a major component of Gram-negative bacteria and are released when bacterial death occurs. LPS has detrimental effects on development, including embryonic resorption and intrauterine fetal death, and intrauterine growth retardation. Exposure to LPS during gestation is a major causative factor for zinc deficiency, which results in poor development of foetuses. This work aims to evaluate the therapeutic role of zinc nanoparticles (Zn-NPs) instead of traditional zinc against testicular damage in rat offspring maternally induced with LPS. 24 pregnant rats were allocated into four groups at random: control, Zn-NPs, LPS, and LPS +Zn-NPs groups. After birth, the male offspring for each group were kept with their mothers till weaning day (post-natal day 21; PND21). At PND 21, the offspring were sacrificed, dissected, and the testes removed for histological and biochemical investigation. The results revealed that LPS during early gestation is implicated in the reduction of body weight in male offspring (at post-natal days 1, 7, 14, and 21) and remarkable histopathological signs in their testicular sections. Additionally, the testicular sections appeared strongly expressed for caspase-3 protein and negatively stained for Bcl-2 proteins, which indicated the apoptotic effect of LPS. Also, the testicular antioxidants (SOD and CAT) appeared significantly lowered, while the levels of MDA and caspase-3 appeared significantly higher in LPS-maternally induced offspring if compared with controls. On the other hand, treatment of mother�s rats with Zn-NPs from day 14 of gestation until weaning successfully alleviated the histopathological, apoptotic and biochemical changes in the testicular tissue induced by LPS.
In late years much attention has been given to assessment on the components of the nephron elements and the capillaries surrounding the nephron. Quantitative analysis on kidney in three species Gallus domesticus, Passer domesticus and Columba Livia Domestica were studied. Volumes and surface areas of renal components measured. Finestructure of proximal convoluted tubules included intercellular space that was occupied by interdigitations folds in basolateral membrane level. Distal tubules included microvilli in apical of the basement membrane into tubular lumen. In microscopic viewpoint, among birds Domestic fowl revealed an increase of the cortical tissue volume compared to two other species as this trend was true for medulla in this bird than two additionally species. Higher volumes and surface area of renal corpuscle and proximal and distal convoluted tubules were seen into the cortex in Domestic fowl in comparison with two species and House sparrow included lesser values from implicit parameters. In house sparrow surface area and volume of the proximal tubules, thin and thick limb of Henle and collecting ducts was lowest values while Domestic pigeon was intermediate values in these parameters. Blood capillaries in Domestic fowl had greatest volume and surface area within cortex and medulla. In this study suggested that values of the volume and surface area in structural elements of birds\' renal nephron play a role in concentrate of urine.
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship serum level of ghrelin with leptin and adiponectin in active lean and obese adolescent. \nMaterials and Methods: In this study, 15 active lean adolescent boys with BMI of 18.64±2.52 kg/sq meters and 15 active obese adolescent boys with BMI of 30.86±1.75 kg/sq meters who spent at least one hour per week on physical activity were selected as active lean and obese people. At the end, 5 mm of venous blood was taken from the participants to test ghrelin and adipokines (leptin and adiponectin). \nFindings: In the active lean boys, the maximum oxygen uptake, acylated ghrelin and adipokine were higher than those of active obese boys while leptin rate of active lean boy was lower than that of active obese body. Plasma concentration of acylated ghrelin in active lean and obese boys had significantly negative correlation with concentration of leptin (r=0.651, r=0.756, respectively) and had significantly positive correlation with concentration of plasma adiponectin (r=0.472, r=0.568, respectively) and the maximum oxygen uptake (r=0.452, r=0.563, respectively). \nConclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be inferred that running an active life due to regular physical exercise leads to improvement in ghrelin, adiponectin and plasma leptin values in lean and obese people and decreases potential risk of affliction with some diseases relating to obesity. \nKey words: Ghrelin, Leptin , Adiponectin, Lean , Obese, adolescent
In a heterogeneous environment various wireless networks are coexisting simultaneously. This environment is formed by integrating various radio access technologies like wireless in local loop (WLL/WLAN), wireless wide area network (WWAN), cellular etc. These technologies offer users to connect to network at anytime and anywhere. Now the mobile devices are equipped with multiple interface terminals so that the devices can select the best network. Selecting a suitable network which satisfies the different need is very complex task in heterogeneous network. The decision is based on different network criteria and user’s information. In this paper a handover decision technique is presented which is used to select most appropriate network among various networks.
The soil system of the Calabar Port environment has in the past three decades been subjected to irreparable environmental change, as a result of the continuous expansion of industrial activities coupled with the indiscriminate discharge of untreated effluents on the soil. The study specifically assessed the impact of industrial activities on heavy metal content of soil within Intel’s work environment. The soils bordering Intel’s work environment are derived from geologic materials of coastal plain sands. Surface (0 – 15cm) and subsurface (15 – 30cm) soil samples were randomly collected within and adjoining perimeter fence of Intel’s work environment. The soils were analysed for physico-chemical and heavy metal contents. Result obtained revealed that the heavy metal contents of soil are low and within the natural limits for mineral soil environment. The order of magnitude of heavy metal concentration in surface soil is as follows: Fe>Mn>Zn>Ni>V>Cr>Cd>Cu, whereas, in the subsoil, the order is as follows: Fe>Mn>Zn>Ni>V>Cu>Cr>Cd. The result also showed that industrial activities in the area adversely affected soil nutrients possibly due to biomass contamination by pollutants, thereby affecting the rate of litter decay as well as the low density of trees mostly within Intel’s premises which affected the accumulation of biomass. The study therefore indicates that the concentration of heavy metal in Intel’s work environment is within the threshold limits for mineral soil environment.
ABSTRACT instruction and aims: cephalometric analysis can be utilized for diagnosis and treatment planning of orthodontic problems and orthognatic surgery. cephalometric norms differ among different populations and in each population it is necessary to use cephalometric norms of same population. The aim of this study was to determine the Tweed\'s norms for Zahedan\'s people based on normal occlusion samples.\nMaterial and Methods: In this study we used 37 lateral cephalograms (18 females & 19 males) of normal occlusion samples. The FMA, FMIA and IMPA angles measured for each sample after tracing and statistical analysis were done.\nFindings: mean of FMA, FMIA and IMPA angles in both groups were 30.05 , 52.09, 97.5, respectively and in females and males were (32.75, 52.83, 94.85) ,(28.36,51.39,100.05)respectively.There were significant difference between males and females in IMPA and FMA angles. In boys,mean of IMPA was greater but mean of FMA was smaller than girls. There was no significant difference in FMIA angle. In comparison with Tweed values, our results showed that IMPA and FMA were significantly greaterr than Tweed values but FMIA was smaller than Tweed values. When FMA is compared with other Iranian studies , it was greater than their values but FMIA and IMPA were smaller than their values. In comparison with IOWA norms there was no significant difference between two males groups although there was no significant differences between two female groups in IMPA mean but mean of FMA and FMIA were greater and smaller respectively than IOWA norms.\nResult: Tweed\'s cephalometric values are not same in different sexes and populations.