Urdu is a lingua franca in Pakistan. It is our national language. It is associated with education and being educated in our country. In addition, it is the language of media in Pakistan. These and other factors seem to have brought about a change in the linguistic behavior of educated people speaking regional languages as their mother tongues. The study tries to bring to light this linguistic change through a questionnaire based survey. According to the findings of the study Urdu seems to have become the language of family communication among the educated native speakers of Saraiki and Punjabi in Bahawalpur. The survey was conducted in Bahawalpur among married people working at different state-run institutes. 90% of the respondents in the survey speak Saraiki and Punajbi as their mother tongues. 57% of the respondents speak Urdu with their spouses. 78% of the respondents speak Urdu with their children. 94% of the respondents think that they prefer to speak Urdu at home with their children because it is the medium of instruction of education in Pakistan. The study rounds off by discussing various social and linguistic implications of this change in the linguistic behavior of the people of the Southern Punjab.

Corn is one of important crop produces in Iran. Plant density and nitrogen levels have high effect on yield of this corp. In this research, the effect of plant density and nitrogen levels on single-cross704 corn physiological indices, were evaluated. A field experiment was carried out of Miyandoab agricultural research station 2012. Treatments were arranged in a factorial split experiment based on RCBD with four replications. The SC704 as the main plot and the plant densities (24, 19, 15.6 and 13.6 cm row distance) and nitrogen levels (200, 300, 400 and 500 kg.ha-1) were randomized in sub- plots. The results shows that, increasing of nitrogen fertile from 200 to 300 Kg.ha-1, leaf area index and crop growth rate were increased. But increasing of this fertile from 200 to 400 and 500 Kg. ha-1 has more effect on increasing of these indices. Between physiological indices, the relative growth rate has less affect from increasing of nitrogen fertile and has decreasing trend in growth season. From this research, by increasing of plant density, the leaf area index and crop growth rate were increased. The increasing of leaf area index causes to increasing of light adsorption and so increasing of plant photosynthesis capacity and crop yielding.\nThe major increasing of crop growthing was because of increasing of crop density and so leaf area index. Because of importance of leaf area index, crop growth rate and relative growth rate in increasing of grain yield, we concluded that the major increasing of grain yield because of crop density increasing, are depend on improving of physiological indices.

The future management of air traffic allows aircrafts choosing their own velocities,\naltitudes and directions. In aviation industry, this possibility is known as “free flight”.\nOne of the important issues in free flight method is conflict resolution. In successful\nfree flight, conflicts while maintaining satisfactory efficiency must be avoided. In this\npaper, we proposed a multi agent based conflict detection and resolution approach in\nfree flight method. We selected aircrafts and ground flight path controllers as agents\nthroughout the airspace, respectively called “AA” and “FPCA”. This type of agent\nselection provides a proper balance between distributed and centralized authority in\norder to solve air traffic conflicts and this is one of the merits of the system. FPCA\nAgents by negotiation with each other, map the situation of the airspace (in their vision\ndomain) to a directed graph. After some conversion on mapped graph, agents color the\ncorresponding graph using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. There are\nmany benefits to using such a system include delay reduction, passenger comfort, safety\nand speed increase, travel time reduction and less fuel consumption. The proposed\nsystem not only proposed for free flight method but also can be use as a tool beside the\ncurrent air traffic management system without completely replaces it. The proposed\nmethod is implemented and tested by using different common test cases. The\nexperimental results show high efficiency of the system.

Utilization of hydrogen energy has many striking attributes, including energy renewability, flexibility, and nil greenhouse emissions Hydrogen is considered to be the most viable energy carrier for the future. In order to enhance the production of hydrogen from plasma electrolysis of water, the capability of diode pumped solid state laser (DPSS) with second harmonic of wavelength 532 nm has been investigated. Different acids and bases have been used as catalyst. A comparative study of acids and bases has been ascertained as a function of different laser constraints. The efficiency of bases was found to be greater than the acids. Different factors such as laser power, temperature variations and laser irradiation time have been drawn attention during experiment. The simulation results were found to be in good agreement with experimental data.

Sorption behavior of anthracene onto Nigerian montmorillonite clay mineral was investigated by concentration variations under constant pH, time and temperature. The amount of anthracene sorbed was determined spectrophotometrically. The metal oxide compositions, specific surface area, pH, point of zero charge (PZC), specific gravity, percentage moisture, loss in ignition and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the natural clay were determined. The results of the physico – chemical analysis showed an improvement on the adsorption capacity of the montmorillonite clay. The sorption isotherm fitted well with Langmuir isotherm model equation with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.987. The monolayer sorption capacity revealed that the sorbent has affinity for anthracene and the negative value of the Langmuir parameter; KL related to energy confirmed the physical nature of the sorption process. The results obtained showed that natural clay mineral was reasonably effective sorbent for the removal of anthracene (organic contaminant), which is an important source of environmental pollution.

Retaining walls are used to retain earth or other materials which have the tendency to slide and repose at a particular inclination. They provide lateral support to the embankment or other materials in order to hold them in a vertical position. As against equal forces shells are less thick in comparison with flat slabs, their application is economical regarding consumptive materials, so in this research in order to reduce consumptive materials, multi cylindrical shells are adapted with retaining walls and calculation and analysis of one kind of new lightened retaining wall is proposed. To analyze shell structures, there are different theories. The application of these theories depends on geometrical shape, shell quality, shell usage, boundary condition and enforced loads. To analyze and calculate lightened shell retaining wall, equations are required which should both present the mechanical behavior of the shell with required exactness and also be solvable mathematically. To attain this goal, the method proposed in this research can be applied. In solving the problem formed of multi cylindrical shell with slabs, engineering mechanics combined principles are used and the equations of bending theory of multi cylindrical shell are adapted with retaining walls. Generally, in this paper the analysis method of lightened retaining walls consisted of multi cylindrical shells are presented.

Nanoparticles of silver (NanoAg) have been shown to control the growth of bacteria, but application of NanoAg in endodontics has not been evaluated. This in vitro study evaluates the antimicrobial activity of NanoAg to enhance the inhibitory effects of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Antibacterial activity of NanoAg, and NanoAg-MTA against 4 types of anaerobic pathogens were tested in vitro using, 1) Agar diffusion test (ADT), and 2) A newly devised membrane-enclosed immersion test (MEIT) that allowed for direct exposure of NanoAg-MTA to bacterial cultures. Concentrations of NanoAg-MTA ranging 6.25 ppm-25 ppm were tested using bacterial suspensions at 37 oC for 0.5h-48h periods under anaerobic conditions. Both NanoAg and NanoAg-MTA inhibited the growth of all 4 test bacteria at 25 ppm concentrations. MEIT analysis consistently showed that NanoAg enhanced the antimicrobial activity of MTA significantly; and bacterial susceptibility to lower concentrations of NanoAg varied depending on the type of bacteria. Overall, NanoAg-MTA showed significant inhibitory effect, which was time and dose-dependent. We conclude that NanoAg can serve as an excellent MTA additive against anaerobic endodontic-periodontal pathogens with clinical applications for infection control in endodontic.