This study investigates the synthesis of activated carbon (AC) from two distinct wastederived feedstocks: coffee grounds (CG) and a mixture of non-recyclable polystyrene (PS) with corn stalks (CS) for the first time. The results of study show that the CG precursor applied the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) at 240 °C for 5 h followed by KOH activation at 650°C, while the PS–CS mixture was subjected to pyrolysis at 500 °C for 1.5 h and activated at 750 °C. Interestingly, despite the milder treatment conditions, CGderived carbon achieved a good BET surface area of 914.83 m² g⁻¹, comparable to that of PS–CS-derived carbon (976.34 m² g⁻¹). The superior pore development in the CG sample is attributed to its high oxygen and nitrogen content, which facilitates dehydration, decarboxylation, and the formation of micropores during HTC. In contrast, PS requires higher activation temperature due to its aromatic and oxygen-deficient nature, although copyrolysis with CS promotes synergistic gas evolution and pore widening. These findings highlight that feedstock composition strongly dictates process parameters and pore characteristics, providing insights for designing sustainable routes to produce high performance activated carbon from diverse waste materials.

Reaction rate is the most important issue in Chemical kinetics which the objective of observation about reaction rate is to understand how different experimental conditions can influence the speed of a chemical reaction. Chemists are constantly intended to find the methods to increase the speed of reactions and at the short time gain the high efficiency by which a method to decrease and avoid the harmful chemical reactions would be appeared to work. Biological reactions are noticeably done slower than the chemical reactions. In chemical industry, processes are continuously developing, whereas the processes are not like this in biotechnological reactions. In fact, reaction rate due its high efficiency, heat consumption, low energy, high security, optimized usage of the materials, low wastage of chemical materials, and etc has gained importance. In present paper, the objective is to compare the biological and chemical reactions on the basis of reaction rate. To respond to the objective of the present paper, it has to be found out that which methods are helpful to increase the reaction rate.

In present paper, the stability curves for submarines at surface and submerged conditions have been presented in which the stability of ship has not been mentioned. The submarine due to the points such as diving and going under water are different from the ships. Three various conditions of stability in submarine have been considered which are as surface, transition and submerged conditions. The ballast tanks are provided for “submerging” process, so that the ballast tanks play important role in making the submarines stable and Equilibrium. The present paper is provided to give the results about the stability of submarine and it‘s difference points with the stability of ships.

Learner-oriented education is a spectrum that extends from the interaction between learner and teacher to pure learner-oriented education. This study uses a descriptive-analytical methodology to explore the views of the three main contributors of learner-oriented education, namely, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Dewey, and Jean Piaget. This study is an attempt to find the positions of these three personalities on learner-oriented education spectrum. The findings of this study show that all three personalities supported learner-oriented education and emphasized on its many attributes. These attributes provide learner the freedom of experimentation, interaction, and participation based on his needs, motivation, interest, and willingness that are driven by his talents and understanding. Learner-oriented education is like a colour spectrum. It starts at the light end (A) and turns darker as education moves on the spectrum toward the other end (B). Each one of the three contributors has a position on this spectrum.

The response of two wheat cultivars (Misr-1 and Sakha-93) to NaCl was studied to ameliorate salinity tolerance by CaCl2. Growth parameters and also glutathione (GSH) content in both cultivars under normal conditions were most likely similar. Nonetheless, NaCl at 75, 150 and 225 mM led to accumulation in lipid peroxides and H2O2 but decreased GSH; the effect was most pronounced in Sakha-93 particularly with increasing NaCl concentration. Catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were increased in Misr-1 by 75 and 150 mM but inhibited in Sakha-93 by all concentrations. The alternative oxidase (AOX) responded differently to NaCl, there were decreases by 75 and 225 mM in Misr-1 and by 75 and 150 mM in Sakha-93. Nevertheless, 10 mM CaCl2 alleviated the impacts of NaCl, counterbalances in the accumulated peroxides and H2O2 and recoveries in the decreased GSH were mostly induced by CaCl2 particularly in Misr-1. These findings reveal that ROS scavenging is more efficient in Misr-1, the more tolerant cultivar. The response of AOX appeared to coincide with antioxidants so that the damage which was inflicted by NaCl can be ameliorated by over-expression of antioxidants especially with the presence of CaCl2.

The IEEE 802.16m standard for Advanced mobile broadband wireless access provides a seamless application connectivity to other mobile and IP networks like UMTS, LTE and WLAN which are having great difference in terms of data transmission rate, Coverage, cost and supporting of service types. Emerging multimedia services like immersive environments, IPTV applications, video conferencing, and 3D virtual world requires reliable communication even in high mobility in heterogeneous network environment, denser area and in cell edges. Users’ mobility is a major factor which directly affects the performance of the Radio Resource Management (RRM). To ensure the Quality of Service (QoS) performances, we propose a Dynamic queue-aware Connection Admission Control (CAC) schemes, and a dynamic bandwidth reservation are considered at Base Station and Subscriber station for new and handoff calls. A queuing analytical framework is developed for this admission control schemes. The simulation results show the proposed RRM scheme is effective to increase the data throughput as well as to decrease the packet loss rate and packet delay to improve the user-perceived quality of service (QoS).

The most important stage in image processing and human activities recognition is the segmentation method. So many researchers give us many ideas and techniques but still there is no perfect technique to segment object and catch all requirement, Our contribution here is using spread seed technique to segment objects inside the image and expand regions of object if the object consist of different pixels intensity via using threshold of pixel intensity .changing values of threshold make this technique more reliable and distribute objects according to size of segment area then we can store the objects recognized by the size and image histogram for retrieve them to rearrange the objects within binary tree.

α-Amylase is an enzyme that acts as a catalyst for the hydrolysis of alpha-linked polysaccharides into α-anomeric products. The enzyme can be derived from a variety of sources, each with different characteristics. α-Amylase found within the human body serves as the enzyme active in pancreatic juice and salvia. α-Amylase is not only essential in human physiology but has a number of important biotechnological functions in various processing industries. the aim of this study is cloning and expression of α-Amylase gene of Human pancreatic amylase (amy2A)in Escherichia coli.to achieve this aim a gene coding for α-Amylase from NCBI was selected and amplified with specific primers and PCR.PCR product was cloned into a bacterial expression vector pET21-a . The recombinant plasmid was used to transform the bacterial expression strain BL21 and expression products were analysed with SDS-PAGE, and Immunoblotting. Based on these results, the bacterial expression system successfully expressed α-Amylase.