This article challenges the widely diffuse view of family law as peripheral to
private law. It aims to the de–marginalisation of family legal issues, by showing their ties
to the market realm and freedom of contract. In this theoretical framework, the article
analyses the process of family law harmonisation in Europe. In particular, it focuses on
three steps or aspects in respect to which the presumed peculiarity of family law is proclaimed
and reveals, at the same time, its groundlessness: the status/contract dichotomy
as a reflection of the family/market divide which seems to influence future developments
of the harmonisation of law in Europe; the presumed political character of family law,
which represents the leitmotiv in most recent harmonisation projects; and the subsequent
strictly national character of family law, which makes EC institutions much more cautious
in intervening in these matters than in any other field of private law

Contractual condition is a secondary form of obligations that is not independently stated in contractual document but nevertheless is a part of contractual provisions and adheres to the contract. Being a secondary obligation or its dependence on the contractual document does not change the nature of contractual condition. Contractual condition is a part of mutual covenant and as binding as the other contractual provisions of the transaction. The intention of legislators in listing the principal conditions of valid transactions in article 190 of Civil Code may have been to exclude ineffective (unrealizable) conditions from contractual obligations. However, the word transaction may not have been used for its specific meaning in the context of provisions under article 190. The question is now whether contractual condition should conform to the principal provisions of a valid transaction. Legislators discussed invalid terms in article 233 of Iran Civil Code. Section 2 of this article mentions indeterminate conditions but with the wording that is confusing, produces ambiguity, and raises a few questions. Is an indeterminate condition independently valid or invalid notwithstanding its effect on the contract? Is an indeterminate condition effective in a contract when it does not produce ambiguity in considerations? If it is effective, then, what effects does it have on the contract? What affect the waver of indeterminate condition shall have on the contract when it produces ambiguity in considerations versus when it does not? And, is waver of indeterminate condition possible?

In the system of factors spiritually-moral education of the person presents
characteristics of sign-symbolic objects of educational space of the native land. Clarifies
the distinction between objects-the signs and the objects of the string. Emphasizes the
importance of decoding the meaning of surrounding objects, phenomena through
disclosure of their diverse properties and the stress on their moral aspect in the process
of pedagogical work with children.

The predictions based on a random walk model for the fertility in Russia on the forecasting horizon 2008-2012 put in evidence a slow increase of the demographic indicator. The assessment of accuracy for these forecasts shows a persistent underestimation of the indicator. In the years before the forecasted period the evolution of the fertility rate was an oscillating one, but the variations from a year to another were very small. In 2008 a large increase of the rate was observed, followed by a slow growth that maintained approximately constant. The predictions based on the random walk suppose that the factors which determined the evolution of the rate in the previous year are the same. These predictions are lower than the reality, which determined us to conclude that there are other factors that generated higher fertility rates than the expected ones. The economic crisis that was present in the analysed period normally determines the decrease of fertility. Therefore, a more powerful factor like religion orientation or other factors could contribute to the reach of a high rate of fertility in Russia.

This study was designed to examine university students’ attitudes towards physical activities and sports. A sample of 934 students (male: 47.4%; female: 52.6%) with different educational levels and fields of study participated in this research. A revised attitude toward physical activity inventory was employed for this study. Independent sample t test, ANOVA, and univariate and multivariate analysis of variance were used to compare the attitudes of samples based on various variables. Results indicated that improving health and fitness (mean= 3.95; SD= 1.02), catharsis (mean= 3.89; SD= 0.80), and social interaction (mean= 3.86; SD= 1.10) were rated as the most important in regards to students’ attitudes to physical activities, whereas aesthetic (mean= 3.08; SD= 1.14), vertigo (mean= 2.16; SD= 1.16), and ascetic (mean= 2.15; SD= 0.79) were found as the lowest attitudinal dimensions. Males showed to have more positive attitude in vertigo (t= 25.80; mean= 2.90; SD= 1.05) whereas females were higher in fitness (t= 4.45; mean= 4.09; SD= 1.22) and aesthetic dimensions (t= 23.88; mean= 3.79; SD= 0.98). Furthermore, various attitudinal differences were found between samples in regards to age, educational level and field of study (p≤ 0.05). In conclusion it is suggested that planning and offering sport activities based on students’ attitudes and expectations could improve the participation rate of different groups of students in physical activities.

Peritoneal adhesion is one of the common sequences of abdominal surgeries. Matrica chamomilla (MC) is a recognized remedial plant. The healing preparations of MC are composed of several classes of anti-inflammatory biologically active compounds. This paper focuses on the possible anti-inflammatory pharmacological effective of MC preparations in the prevention of postsurgical adhesions and effective constituents of MC. Method and Material: In this study, 50 female rats were divided into 5 groups: control group, normal saline, chamomile100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. Intra-peritoneal ketamine was administered for anesthesia. After shaving and disinfecting the abdominal region, multiple scratches were made in the peritoneum and then, the abdomen was closed. After two weeks surgery, another laparotomy was performed and a sample of the peritoneum was sent to the laboratory for adhesion grading and histo pathological examination. Data were analysed by SPSS. Results:This study shows that the adhesion, fibrosis, inflammation and post-surgical vascular proliferation was significantly less present in thechamomile group rats in comparison to other groups (P≤0.001). Conclusion: Herbal compounds such as chamomile, has resulted in fewer complications and has an important effect in preventing abdominal adhesions. In conclusion, the present study shows that MC displays protective role, as demonstrated by its significant inhibition of formation of post-surgical adhesions, as well as its ability to decrease inflammatory agents and boosting anti-oxidative defense systems

The purpose of this research was studying and determining the relative factors (manpower, monitoring and evaluation) to Sport Facilities Productivity. The methodology was based on descriptive survey and field study type. The statistical population includes all managers and their deputies in physical education offices in Lorestan Province, Iran. The population and sample was equal in 55.The data collection tool of the research were researcher made questionnaire of effective factors on Sport Facilities Productivity. For determination of its reliability the Cronbach coefficient of alpha was used and the result was 0/ 92. For data analysis in the inferential statistics scope, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests and Freedman analysis of variance were used. The results showed that in monitoring and evaluation part of sport facilities the suitable organizational structure for monitoring and evaluation of sport facilities activities is the main factor and creating and using of management information system has least importance. Also in manpower part employing individuals with academic degrees in the field of physical education and sports science is the main factor and job security of the managers and other persons in charge of sports facilities has the least importance